Not exact matches
A substantial body of research indicates that regardless of race and age, female offenders have higher rates of mental health problems, both
internalizing and externalizing, than male offenders.19 In a study of serious «deep - end» offenders, females exhibited both more externalizing problems and more
internalizing problems than males.20 Moreover, a recent study using common measures and a demographically matched sample of community and detained youth found that gender differences were
greater among detained youth than among community youth, with detained girls having more
symptoms of mental illness than would be predicted on the basis of gender or setting alone.21
As a result, they tend to spend more time onlooking (watching other children without joining) and hovering on the edge of social groups.8, 11 There is some evidence to suggest that young depressive children also experience social impairment.12 For example, children who display
greater depressive
symptoms are more likely to be rejected by peers.10 Moreover, deficits in social skills (e.g., social participation, leadership) and peer victimization predict depressive
symptoms in childhood.13, 14 There is also substantial longitudinal evidence linking social withdrawal in childhood with the later development of more significant
internalizing problems.15, 16,17 For example, Katz and colleagues18 followed over 700 children from early childhood to young adulthood and described a pathway linking social withdrawal at age 5 years — to social difficulties with peers at age 15 years — to diagnoses of depression at age 20 years.
Participants in both conditions experienced reductions in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression
symptoms, although
greater reductions were found for adolescents in the RRFT condition with regard to parent - reported PTSD, as well as adolescent - reported depression and
internalizing symptoms.
In general, the child characteristics that were significant predictors of treatment outcomes followed a similar pattern to that for the parent characteristics, with children showing poorer initial functioning showing
greater gains with treatment (i.e., more
internalizing symptoms, more temperamental difficulty,
greater functional impairment), but the children with less severe initial problems showing lower levels of ODD - related
symptoms at each trial.
For
internalizing symptoms, the relatively
greater improvements for subjects given combined treatment are particularly noteworthy, as none of our treatments were designed to address this domain specifically.
Differences in frequency of sexual activity with friends and acquaintances were associated with
greater internalizing and externalizing
symptoms as well as lower self - esteem.
Gender differences in mental health
symptoms have been traditionally reported in the general population of adolescents, with the prevalence of
internalizing symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety)
greater in adolescent girls (Birmaher et al., 1996) and the prevalence of externalizing
symptoms (i.e., aggression, conduct problems)
greater in boys (Dekovic, Buist, & Reitz, 2004; Leadbeater, Kuperminc, Blatt, & Hertzog, 1999).
Conversely, severity predicted
greater Reliable Change in parent reported
internalizing and externalizing
symptoms, and child reported depressive
symptoms.
In line with previous research on the disadvantage of the incongruence of prenatal and postnatal environments on early child development [25], we hypothesized that children whose mothers had elevated postnatal maternal depressive
symptoms when compared to that during pregnancy may show
greater atypical frontal EEG activity and frontal functional connectivity and
greater internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems.
We found that securely attached adolescents experienced
greater reduction in
internalizing symptoms from admission to discharge, even when controlling for length of stay.
Greater severity of maternal depressive
symptoms independently predicted higher externalizing and
internalizing scores at 24 months of age, after adjusting for maternal ethnicity and prenatal smoke exposure (Table 2).