Sentences with phrase «greater than at the surface»

This despite the fact that GH warming in the troposphere should be greater than at the surface.

This requires that warming in the tropical upper troposphere be 2 - 3 times greater than at the surface.

Not exact matches

Although the health effects of these chemicals to babies are not yet known, it's still an important safety risk to consider, because as the study pointed out, babies actually inhale more air per surface than adults, putting them at greater risk for inhalation exposure.

One of the challenges has been accurately determining the difference between sea surface temperatures at the poles and the equator during the Eocene, with models predicting greater differences than data suggested.

They documented that some of the minerals, now found at the surface, formed at ultra-high pressure, approximately 8 million years ago, at depths greater than 90 kilometers, or roughly the distance from New York City to Philadelphia.

The probe of an atomic force microscope (AFM) scans a surface to reveal details at a resolution 1,000 times greater than that of an optical microscope.

Geologist John Michell wrote in a letter to the Royal Society that if a star were massive enough, «a body falling from an infinite height towards it would have acquired at its surface greater velocity than that of light... all light emitted from such a body would be made to return towards it by its own proper gravity».

MRO's new images support this interpretation and strongly suggest that the sizable dark patch is a crater produced when Schiaparelli struck the surface at greater than 300 kilometers per hour after a two - to - four - kilometer free fall.

Diamonds form only at temperatures and pressures far greater than those on Earth's surface.

The researchers designed the electrodes at the nanoscale — thousands of times thinner than the thickness of a human hair — to ensure the greatest surface area would be exposed to water, which increases the amount of hydrogen the device can produce and also stores more charge in the supercapacitor.

A team at the US Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, Washington, tested plastic fibres that had 10 times more surface area than the Japanese design, allowing for greater absorption.

Those conditions to form the inclusions would only be found at depths greater than 435 miles (700 km) in the lower mantle, suggesting the material cycled from the surface down to the Earth's interior.

«ULVZs could hint at much greater cycling between the core, mantle and surface of Earth than we thought,» said Wendy Mao, the Stanford geologist who led the research team.

The figure shows an image of Mercury's surface (left; obtained using publicly available mosaic of Mercury from the MESSENGER spacecraft found at http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/) and a color - coded view of the global crater areal density (right), obtained by measuring craters greater than 25 km.

But how is it possible to reconstruct what is going on many kilometres below the surface, at temperatures greater than 1000 degrees Celsius?

However, for the globe as a whole, surface air temperatures over land have risen at about double the ocean rate after 1979 (more than 0.27 °C per decade vs. 0.13 °C per decade), with the greatest warming during winter (December to February) and spring (March to May) in the Northern Hemisphere.

For global observations since the late 1950s, the most recent versions of all available data sets show that the troposphere has warmed at a slightly greater rate than the surface, while the stratosphere has cooled markedly since 1979.

It is likely, however, that there is slightly greater warming in the troposphere than at the surface, and a higher tropopause, with the latter due also to pronounced cooling in the stratosphere.

Above the surface, global observations since the late 1950s show that the troposphere (up to about 10 km) has warmed at a slightly greater rate than the surface, while the stratosphere (about 10 — 30 km) has cooled markedly since 1979.

Humans have a greater understanding of the surface of the moon than they do of the depths of the oceans, hinting at untouched natural resources and unrecognized ecosystem services.

Is there, for example, a greater concentration of carbonate or perchlorate (a mineral that was found at the site earlier in the mission) a few inches below the surface than right at the surface?

This means the car has the ability to give you the right kind of traction to keep the car safely stable at great speed or when the surface is suddenly slipperier under the right - side tires than the left - side ones.

More torque is directed to the rear wheels than in 4WD Auto mode to provide greater power off the line, better control when accelerating on snowy or loose surfaces, and enhanced stability at high speeds.

I'm surmising that it feels like a harder surface than the ropes, almost like it's ropes that have a coating I was excited to find this on sale at this great price, after comparing it on other websites.

Since we know that the earth's surface is significantly warmed by geothermal heat, that geothermal heat is variable, that truly titanic forces are at work in the earth's core changing its structure and alignment, and that geothermal heat flux has a much greater influence on surface temperatures than variations in carbon dioxide can possibly have, it makes sense to include its effects in a compendium of global warming discussion parameters.

... Polar amplification explains in part why Greenland Ice Sheet and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet appear to be highly sensitive to relatively small increases in CO2 concentration and global mean temperature... Polar amplification occurs if the magnitude of zonally averaged surface temperature change at high latitudes exceeds the globally averaged temperature change, in response to climate forcings and on time scales greater than the annual cycle.

What this piece says — once you bother to read it which Goddard counts on you failing to do — is there's a greater than 50 % chance of open ocean this year at the pole, with the pole possibly reachable by surface craft.

Personally I didn't know why globally there should be greater warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface.

It isn't really important to the Earth's energy budget what the outgoing flux is at some great distance of the Earth; for the OLR, I think TOA can be approximated as having a radius on the order of 1 % larger — or less — than the radius at the surface.

However, over land, where there is not very much moist convection, which is not dominated by the tropics and where one expects surface trends to be greater than for the oceans, there was no amplification at all!

I predict greater surface salinity, much earlier melt, great adiabatic events at sea surface to air interface, wide early thousand lead expansion events coinciding with at start clear than very cloudy air, a surprising near ice death experience at the North Pole because the North Greenland subduction zone is already very fluid.

But in measuring at a far greater density of sampling than even the best surface network, and measuring volumetric, rather than spot, values, it is a good indicator of how representative your spot values are compared to their neighbours.

So that, while the surface area may be greater this year compared with last year, the volume of ice in the Arctic this year is probably already less than at the same time last year.

As a result, any changes which occur outside that swath, such as reflections at zenith angles greater than 55 degrees at the surface, can not be viewed or measured.

This result is consistent with land surface temperatures reconstructed from tree rings, other terrestrial proxies, and documentary evidence also indicating greater regional variability than simulated by models at decadal and longer timescales (33 — 35).

Our increased understanding of trend uncertainty aloft means that we can no longer dismiss warming aloft of similar or greater magnitude than at the surface over the satellite record.

It is likely, however, that there is slightly greater warming in the troposphere than at the surface, and a higher tropopause, with the latter due also to pronounced cooling in the stratosphere.

That is, under the RF model, natural CO2, which exchanges between air and surface at more than an order of magnitude greater than ACO2, would be as susceptible to accumulation in the atmosphere.

Without the mixing of the deep water and the water at the surface, oxygen can not reach a depth greater than 300 feet, leaving the waters of the deep either too high in Hydrogen Sulfide, or too low in oxygen to sustain life forms (zambiatourism).

He fails to recognize that the incremental power reflected away from clouds is greater than the surface power trapped by them, or at least this is the case when the temperature is greater than 0C and the ground is snow / ice free.

These facts were enough for an NAS panel, including Christy, to publish a report Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change which concluded that «Despite differences in temperature data, strong evidence exists to show that the warming of the Earth's surface is undoubtedly real, and surface temperatures in the past two decades have risen at a rate substantially greater than average for the past 100 years»

From the DMI reference, «The calving loss is greater than the gain from surface mass balance, and Greenland is losing mass at about 200 Gt / yr.»

[6] The amount of sunlight absorbed at the surface varies strongly with latitude, being greater at the equator than at the poles, and this engenders fluid motion in both the atmosphere and ocean that acts to redistribute heat from the equator towards the poles, thereby reducing the temperature gradients that would exist in the absence of fluid motion.

«The calving loss is greater than the gain from surface mass balance, and Greenland is losing mass at about 200 Gt / yr» https://www.dmi.dk/en/groenland/maalinger/greenland-ice-sheet-surface-mass-budget/

With a great deal of polar warming going on (more so than lower latitudes) it would be the opinion of many that GISS is more accurate overall if you want to look at the whole surface of the planet.

Now, add a source at greater than 15C (like a warm earth surface) and ad long as the rate of incoming 15 um radiation is greater than the 15 um radiation rate you already measured from your hohlraum there will be disequilibrium and the temperature of the hohlraum (not just the CO2 but all of the gas) will increase until the hohlraum is again emitting the same amount of 15 um radiation as is coming in.

So the partial trapping of solar energy near the Earth's surface by clouds and greenhouse gases does cause the atmosphere to fill a volume greater than it otherwise would at that temperature.

At the surface, the variability of temperatures over land is much greater than that over the oceans (Fig. 4), which reflects the very different heat capacities of the underlying surface and the depth of the layer linked to the surface.

Many of the mechanisms are like that — the tides, the direct inductive heating, the heating caused by the days influx of falling meteorites — which incidentally is far greater than the rate of heat loss through outgassing, as meteoric dust and matter infalls at an average rate of at least millimeters per decade, from my own direct measurements — they have «impressively» large amounts of annual energy associated with them, right up to where you divide by the surface area of the earth and the number of seconds in a year.

Water vapour has a far great cooling effect, because it reduces the thermal gradient, and so the thermal plot intercepts the surface at a temperature which is about 30 % lower than would be the case with a dry atmosphere.