On the basis of the interview data, participants subsequently were divided into two relationship
groups: (1) a
group whose marriages contained physical violence coupled with
coercive control (the CCV
group) and (2) a
group whose marriages contained conflict - motivated physical violence in the absence of coercion and
control (the non-CCV or situational violence
group).
Children who have disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure have been shown to be vulnerable to stress, have problems with regulation and
control of negative emotions, and display oppositional, hostile - aggressive behaviours, and
coercive styles of interaction.2, 3 They may exhibit low self - esteem, internalizing and externalizing problems in the early school years, poor peer interactions, unusual or bizarre behaviour in the classroom, high teacher ratings of dissociative behaviour and internalizing symptoms in middle childhood, high levels of teacher - rated social and behavioural difficulties in class, low mathematics attainment, and impaired formal operational skills.3 They may show high levels of overall psychopathology at 17 years.3 Disorganized attachment with a primary attachment figure is over-represented in
groups of children with clinical problems and those who are victims of maltreatment.1, 2,3 A majority of children with early disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure during infancy go on to develop significant social and emotional maladjustment and psychopathology.3, 4 Thus, an attachment - based intervention should focus on preventing and / or reducing disorganized attachment.
These practices are typically
grouped under the umbrella of restrictive - feeding practices; however, covert (eg, avoid bringing snack foods into the home) and limit - setting approaches for which
control is shared between the parent and child (eg, «parent provides, child decides») may differ from
coercive forms of
control such as restriction, ie, parent maintains complete
control over access (4 — 7).