Biofuels offer one possibility for reducing the carbon footprint of these transport systems, but many plants
grown as biofuel feedstocks compete with food crops and / or wild lands.
Not exact matches
These are also known
as biofuels, i.e. plants that would otherwise potentially go to feed people (or
grown on land that would otherwise
grow food) going into gas tanks instead.
By turning crops such
as corn, sugarcane and palm oil into
biofuels — whether ethanol, biodiesel, or something else — proponents hope to reap the benefits of the carbon soaked up
as the plants
grow to offset the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted when the resulting fuel is burned.
However, an equivalent amount is lost through logging, clearing of land for grazing, and
growing biofuel crops such
as palm oil, soya bean and sugar.
It warns that some
biofuels production methods can cause large increases in greenhouse gas emissions, such
as clearing Indonesian rainforest to
grow palm plantations for biodiesel.
In addition the plants that are eventually used to produce
biofuel pull carbon from the atmosphere
as they
grow, contributing to greener overall production process.
The algae
grow quickly, tolerate extreme weather conditions and do not pose the same issues
as biofuel crops that are
grown both for fuel and food.
Growing crops for fuel — known
as biofuels — represents another potential way of cutting GHGs by replacing fossil fuels (
biofuels created underground by nature over millions of years).
But the thinking is that the carbon dioxide emitted by renewable sources will eventually get reabsorbed through photosynthesis,
as trees, corn, and other
biofuel sources
grow back.
For example, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other bodies agree that the rush to
grow biofuels, justified
as a decarbonization measure, has raised food prices and contributed to rainforest destruction.
«There's substantial disagreement on possible future yields of energy crops,» he said,
as well
as questions on the consequences of
growing biofuels on water supply.
Food and
biofuel crops could be
grown and maintained in many places where it wasn't previously possible, such
as deserts, landfills and former mining sites, thanks to an inexpensive, non-chemical soil additive.
However, the CSU analysis finds that the details of where and how you
grow the plant material is just
as significant or even more significant for the greenhouse gas footprint of the
biofuel, said Field.
A similar study by Michigan Technological University sponsored by UOP found that jet
biofuel from camelina could reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by
as much
as 84 percent and be
grown in rotation with wheat crops.
But the
biofuel crop has already come in for criticism both because it is displacing cereals in other places where it is
grown, such
as Kenya and Tanzania,
as well
as requiring fertilizers to get good oil yields.
Add to that the looming specter of
growing crops for
biofuel, which reduce available land for food, feed and fiber production, he said: «Biofuel is going to be an unmitigated disaster, that's as true in an African village as it is in Iowa.
biofuel, which reduce available land for food, feed and fiber production, he said: «
Biofuel is going to be an unmitigated disaster, that's as true in an African village as it is in Iowa.
Biofuel is going to be an unmitigated disaster, that's
as true in an African village
as it is in Iowa.»
In contrast, the grasses and other flowers and plants that
grow naturally when such lands are left fallow — species such
as goldenrod, frost aster, and couch grass, among others — can deliver roughly the same amount of
biofuel energy per hectare per year if fertilized, yet also reducing CO2 by more than twice
as much
as corn.
Interest in
biofuels — fuel derived from living organisms including biomass or their metabolic byproducts, such
as manure from cows —
grew throughout the end of the twentieth century
as these are renewable energy sources, unlike other natural resources such
as petroleum, coal, and nuclear fuels.
In their quest to make cellulosic
biofuel a viable energy option, many researchers are looking to marginal lands - those unsuitable for
growing food -
as potential real estate for bioenergy crops.
The new study estimates land available for
growing biofuels — crops such
as corn or sugarcane that can be converted to fuels - at between 56 and 1035 million hectares, compared to previous estimates of 320 to 1411 million hectares.
PULLMAN — Norman Lewis, regents professor and director of the Institute of Biological Chemistry at WSU, will give a far - reaching futuristic perspective of our
growing energy needs, with an emphasis on
biofuels, in Seattle this month
as part of WSU's «Innovators» luncheon.
Many scientists and policymakers are advocating increased incentives for preserving tropical forests, especially in the face of demand for clearing forest to
grow biofuel crops such
as soy.
Just
as incinerators often start out burning forestry waste, and end up using virgin wood once supply of «waste» runs out, so too anaerobic digestion plants may begin by using food waste, and end up utilizing forest products or other «
biofuels»
grown deliberately for the purpose.
This works for
biofuels,
as growing crops absorb atmospheric CO2 and convert it to sugars, oils, etc., leading to no net change in atmospheric CO2 when the fuel is burned — but it does not work for coal, oil or natural gas, however.
Albany's importance
as a link in the energy - production chain is poised to
grow under Global Partners» effort to win state permission to handle oil - sands crude and
biofuels for shipping over objections of neighbors and environmental groups.
Furthermore,
as significant
as that carbon sequestration by switchgrass is, there are farmers
growing switchgrass and other plants to raise cattle that have double to triple + the rate of carbon sequestration
as the switchgrass for
biofuel guys!
After many interviews with biologists and climate scientists focused on the Amazon,
as well
as people like Bruce Babbitt, the former United States secretary of the interior who has spent a lot of time crisscrossing the Amazon, I remain convinced that there is a path to development for Brazil — even with the
growing global appetite for soy and
biofuels and roads to the Pacific — that can preserve a large fraction of the vast forest region.
Whatever you
grow that you don't use for food can then be fed into
biofuel production (
as well
as biochar production,
as a soil amendment, meaning NEGATIVE emissions), and then you have some amount of ethanol, biodiesel, or bio-based hydrocarbon product.
Melillo's study suggests that changes in the way land is used,
as a consequence of
growing crops for
biofuels, is not taken into account, and if it were then those
biofuels would be shown to actually cause more greenhouse gases to be released than fossil... Read more
A minimal first step would be to ensure that all fossil fuel inputs to
biofuels are carbon - taxed, including natural gas used
as feedstock for ammonia - based fertilizers of corn
grown for ethanol.
And if you simply
grew stuff to produce biochar, the carbon economics would be turned on their head, just
as they are if old - growth forest is stripped for
biofuel plantations.
A further step would be to develop a product - based approach that accounts for typical carbon sequestration during the
growing phase, carbon emissions from processing, and implicit emissions from land use changes
as well
as combustion emissions for each
biofuel and biomass type.
It's now well - established that large - scale U.S. production of
biofuels such
as ethanol from corn has accomplished little or nothing (or even negative) in its stated goals of reducing oil dependence and cutting emissions of greenhouse gases, and has functioned instead
as a full - employment program for agribusiness (and a political production racket for Iowa and other corn -
growing states).
«The U.S. and Europe can not produce enough plant feedstocks to meet targets» for
biofuel production — even with cellulosic corn —
as defined by government mandates, which are largely being driven by a
growing demand for energy independence and national security concerns, said Thurmond.
Agrofuels (also known
as «
biofuels») are putting major and
growing pressure on our land, food and forests,
as well
as damaging both people and planet.
Thanks to increasing pressure to reduce carbon emissions and cut the use of foreign oil,
biofuels - renewable, home -
grown and marketed
as less damaging than fossil fuels - have used corporate and political clout to win billions in subsidies from the US taxpayer.
As global demand for meat,
biofuels, and other soy products has
grown, the soybean market has kept pace.
With car demand expected to
grow 12.5 % this year, China, which already has the world's largest
biofuels plant, is working with European agencies to see how plant matter and animal waste - based fuels might serve
as alternatives to fossil fuels.
«
As the world's population
grows, people will increasingly rely on marginal lands — particularly drylands — for production of food, wood and
biofuels.
In part
as a result of climate change mitigation policies to promote
biofuels and
growing concern about food insecurity in middle and high income countries, large - scale land acquisition in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America has displaced small landholders and contributed to food price increases.
95 The case for crop - based
biofuels was further undermined when a team led by Paul Crutzen, a Nobel Prize — winning chemist at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Germany, concluded that emissions of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, from the synthetic nitrogen fertilizer used to
grow crops such
as corn and rapeseed for
biofuel production can negate any net reductions of CO2 emissions from replacing fossil fuels with
biofuels, thus making
biofuels a threat to climate stability.
It is unlikely that crops
grown specifically for the production of cellulosic
biofuels will be developed in significant quantities
as technology gains and bioethanol prices are unlikely to favour production over alternative crops.
Yet its indispensability will erode in increments each year,
as EVs eventually
grow from novelty to significance and new
biofuels start to emulate oil's trump cards of convenience and energy density.
Developed countries push for a mitigation approach where they see agricultural land usage
as a way to reduce emissions through false solutions like
biofuels and bioenergy carbon capture and storage which reduce the amount of land we can use for
growing food.
Refining transportation fuels requires water,
as does producing fuels — for example, mining coal, extracting petroleum, or
growing crops for
biofuels.
As is the case with
biofuels, there is also the significant risk that inappropriately applied incentives to encourage biochar might increase the cost and reduce the availability of food crops, if
growing biomass feedstocks becomes more profitable than
growing food.»
At the same time, demand for crops is expected to rise rapidly
as the population
grows, people in eat more and
biofuels are increasingly used for energy.
Just
as diversity through electricity was the key to America's industrial sector being able to increase productivity without increasing oil consumption, so too is it one of two keys (the other being diversity through
biofuel) to fueling the
growing number of vehicles expected on global highways without adding to the strain on global oil supplies and without everyone choking on their own exhaust.
IMHO a better approach to
biofuel would be a crop that can be
grown without irrigation in wasteland such
as the playas of the desert southwest and that yields an oil that does not require distillation or other energy intensive processing.
Recent laws in the United States and Europe that mandate the increasing use of
biofuel in cars have had far - flung ripple effects, economists say,
as land once devoted to
growing food for humans is now sometimes more profitably used for churning out vehicle fuel.