Sentences with phrase «heat at the surface»

# 29 — the phenomenon of greenhouse gases retaining heat at the surface of the earth operates on decadal scales, and the orbital variations (Milankovitch cycles) which cause the waxing and waning of the ice ages operate on millennial scales, and both are fundamental physical processes, and are not elucidated by computer models.

In our simple picture, feedback processes affect changes in the height of the level where most heat loss takes place, the slope of the lapse rate, and heating at the surface (and hence the emission temperature).

For simplicity, assume all solar heating at the surface (so that the lapse rate is (1 - dimensional climate model, radiative convective equilibrium) positive or approaching zero but never negative) unless otherwise stated:

Hence, whereas the planet is heated at the surface, it's main heat loss takes place from a height about 5.5 km above the ground, where most of the radiation is free to escape out to space.

Left alone, the Sun will cool, let alone the Earth, which continues to lose heat at a surface rate amounting to around one or two millionths of a degree per annum.

In the climate because the atmosphere is (mostly) transparent to solar radiation the climate is effectively heated at the surface, with the atmosphere acting to reduce the cooling to space.

In both cases, this is caused by the atmosphere holding heat at the surface.

... The volume of H2O at the one km level alone is capable of absorbing all the available solar heat at the surface, and does absorb five times that of CO2.

I have a preference for near global coverage and depth integrated satellite temperature records — it doesn't miss energy in latent heat at the surface for one thing.

The region of greatest solar heating at the surface in the humid tropics corresponds to areas of deep cumulonimbus convection.

Of course massive amount heating at surface would disrupt a lapse rate - hotter air would rush up and more or less stay up until it cools.

Water vapor collects heat at the surface, and transports it uphill, you say.

But in the Arctic, air and heat at the surface rarely mix with air located high in the atmosphere, Pithan said.

Drought changes the balance of sensible and latent heat at the surface.

Existing in both hemispheres, it starts when air in the tropics, which is heated at the surface by intense sunlight, warms and rises.

Satellites measure all the heat in the troposphere rather than just the sensible heat at the surface.

Thermometers measure sensible heat at the surface.

If heating at the surface is dangerous to societies and ecosystems and land ice and SLR and so on and so on then instinctively it seems that deep in the ocean is a less worrying place for it.

New estimates for the downward flow of heat at the surface have been established which include information on cloud base heights.

Snow landing on the black lava next to it can melt due to the black lava heated at the surface by the sun or it too just sublimates after a few days.

It can also strengthen the Asian summer monsoon circulation and cause a local increase in precipitation, despite the global reduction of evaporation that compensates aerosol radiative heating at the surface (Miller et al., 2004b).

Why wouldn't increased geothermal heat at the surface make some contribution towards melting sea ice??

atmospheric absorption by CO2 and water vapor increases, reducing the solar heating at the surface, and surface evaporation increases faster with temperature than the transfer of sensible heat (due to the Clausius - Clapeyron relation), both of which tend to reduce the diurnal cycle.

In warm climates for example, the net IR heating at the surface (up minus down) goes to nearly zero and the maximum evaporation / precipitation is constrained by the absorbed solar radiation.

Once they drain in summer, the sudden release of fresh - water stratifies the very surface water which then traps more heat at the surface (takes more work by the wind to mix it down against the ocean density gradient) which then leads to fast melting of what's left of the drained pond.

Not exact matches

The heat shield on the Mars 2020 spacecraft would reach temperatures of about 3,800 degrees Fahrenheit (2,100 Celsius) as it speeds at more than 12,100 mph (19,550 kph) towards the Mars surface, NASA said.

Hmm, so you're telling me that a «heat shield» that was made of «special plastic» (as NASA called it back in the day), which was nothing but epoxy smeared over a ss honey comb «protected» the astros barreling into the upper atmosphere at hypersonic 5 miles / sec, or well over 30 times the velocity of a jumbo - jet and thru temperatures *** as quoted by NASA *** that are «10 times hotter than the surface of the sun», and then they «braked» with only a parachute to a safe splashdown?

«To watch a mostly Cuban - American crowd at a Miami Heat basketball game or at an event at the Orange Bowl or at the new Joe Robbie stadium in North Miami belting out «The Star - Spangled Banner» was to witness what appeared on the surface like the most old - fashioned, fervent expression of immigrant patriotism,» writes Rieff.

1) Sift the flour into a mixing bowl 2) Add the salt to the flour, mixing together 3) Add the olive oil, mixing as you add to ensure the flour envelopes the oil 4) Add warm water bit by bit until dough reaches the right consistency 5) One the dough ready, roll it into a ball, and knead well on a cool, flat surface 6) Flatten the dough with a wooden rolling pin 7) Cut into 10 cm pieces and roll them long enough and evenly 8) Place the pin - shaped dough on a well - greased baking tray 9) Bake in oven at 175 deg cel (medium heat for gas ovens) for 20 -30 minutes or until the sticks are ready (test by breaking off a small piece to check that the inside is well cooked) 10) Allow to cool for 5 minutes before serving

I tried many unsuccessful methods before finding web advice from a chemist who said you need to get the heat up to at least 500 or the oil won't turn into the hard, glassy surface you're looking for.

As it cooks over the hot, direct heat the water bubbles up inside the flesh of the pumpkin, evaporating from the surface as it cooks and intensifying its flavor, while making it tender at the same time.

It allows for one second product contact time on the heating surface at low operating temperatures of approximately 40 °C -50 °C.

• clean and sterilise all feeding parts before each use • do not use abrasive cleaning agents or anti-bacterial cleaners with bottles and teats • wash your hands thoroughly and ensure surfaces are clean before handling sterilised components • for inspection of the teat, pull it in each direction • place the teat in boiling water for 5 minutes before first use to ensure hygiene • throw away bottle and teats at the first sight of damage, weakness or scratching • replace teats and spouts after 3 months use • do not warm milk in a microwave as this may cause uneven heating and could scald your baby • always check the milk temperature before feeding • make sure that the bottles are not over-tightened • do not allow your baby to play with small parts or run or walk while feeding

Their model confirmed the existence of a magma plume pumping about 150 milliwatts per square meter (or about 11 square feet) of heat up to the surface, and peaking at as much as 180 milliwatts per square meter in a region where a rift in the crust may exist.

Adding the microspheres to a potassium hydroxide solution and heating it again at up to 800 °C corroded their surfaces, leaving behind a black powder covered in minuscule pores.

The next stage of the research will be to take a more in - depth look at how long Zika survives on hard non-porous surfaces in the heat and how best to inactivate the virus.

«It gives us some insight into the connection between the slow circulation of near - solid rock in Earth's mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat upwards from the planet's interior, and observed active plate tectonics at the surface.

«Clouds are one of the major feedbacks in cooling and heating the surface» of the ice, said Nate Miller, an atmospheric science graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

While it is still possible that other factors, such as heat storage in other oceans or an increase in aerosols, have led to cooling at the Earth's surface, this research is yet another piece of evidence that strongly points to the Pacific Ocean as the reason behind a slowdown in warming.

Findings include a discovery that surface waters in the open Arctic Ocean release heat - trapping methane gas into the atmosphere at a «significant» rate

Gerald Meehl, a climate scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research who was also an author on the paper, said this research expanded on past work, including his own research, that pointed to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation as a factor in a warming slowdown by finding a mechanism behind how the Pacific Ocean was able to store enough heat to produce a pause in surface warming.

«We call it the coronal heating problem,» says Jonathan Cirtain, an astrophysicist at NASA's Marshall Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. «Why is the surface of the sun 6,000 Kelvin while the corona is 7 million Kelvin?»

The reason for climate scientists» pessimism is this: Carbon dioxide persists in the atmosphere for centuries, so today's emissions would trap heat at the Earth's surface well into the future.

Brighter regions at night indicate surfaces that retain more heat from the previous day than surrounding surfaces, just as grassy fields cool off at night while buildings in the city remain warmer.

In 1994, while at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, he and his colleagues showed that after 8 days of spinal morphine injections, rats were quicker to pull their paws away from a gradually heated glass surface.

The moon has no atmosphere to trap heat, and the surface temperature around the equator rockets to a daytime high of about 123 °C and plunges to -173 °C at night.

On Pluto, a slurry of nitrogen and water ice melted by subsurface heat stands in for lava, the team suggests, freezing solid once it is exposed at the surface.

«Mantle convection is the heat engine that drives plate tectonics at the surface and ultimately leads to things like volcanoes and earthquakes that affect people living on the surface.»

«Instead of emerging at the surface, much of that heat is melting the ice shelves,» Hansen says, producing more fresh water and amplifying the feedback.

By taking clever advantage of the interplay between light, electrons on the surface of metals, and heat, researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have for the first time created a plasmomechanical oscillator (PMO), so named because it tightly couples plasmons — the collective oscillations of electrons at the surface of a metal nanoparticle — to the mechanical vibrations of the much larger device it's embedded in.