In a 2009 study, researchers at Harvard's MassGeneral Hospital for Children as well as other institutions analyzed the blood
oxygen levels of newborns when they were placed in cribs versus car seats and found that nearly one - quarter of the time that the babies were in car seats, their
oxygen saturation levels (the ratio of
oxygen - saturated
hemoglobin to total
hemoglobin in their blood) dropped below 95 percent, the cutoff for what is considered normal.
The researchers established the astronauts» exercise capacity through measurements — such as
oxygen uptake, cardiac output,
hemoglobin concentration and arterial
saturation — that illustrate how effectively the body transports
oxygen to the muscle mitochondria.