Sentences with phrase «high cu»

Reduced amygdala responses to fearful facial expressions have been reported in adolescents with CD or conduct problems, and elevated CU traits compared to typically - developing controls (Jones et al. 2009; Marsh et al. 2008), whereas increased amygdala responses to fearful faces have been demonstrated in children with conduct problems and low levels of CU traits compared with their high CU traits counterparts (Viding et al. 2012).

Dadds et al. [94] pointed out that ERT could be added to usual intervention for clinically referred children with high CU traits.

Previous researches [39, 73] consistently found that low family's socio - economic status is the most important predictor of high CU traits.

High CU traits are also related to more severe and chronic antisocial behaviour [5], [6], greater use of proactive aggression [7], and specific patterns of neural dysfunction, specifically with regards to the amygdala [8]--[11].

Previous studies have also investigated the relations between children / adolescents with high CU and peers group (for an extensive review see [34], paragraph «Parenting and Peer Risk Factors»).

Though children with high CU traits are less responsive to parenting training intervention [26], a range of studies have reported positive effects of interventions at these ages [27, 28].

In line with the previous literature on CD+CU in older children, and given that ODD is a disorder which also involves conduct problems related to social learning, we hypothesized that the presence of high CU trait scores early in life will contribute to an increase in psychological symptomatology and conditions associated with ODD, as well as with poorer prognosis.

Participants homozygous for the major allele (CC) of SNP rs6314 were more likely to have high CU traits than heterozygotes (C / T) or minor homozygotes (TT).

For the ODD subsample at baseline, high CU levels at age 3 were only predictive of high risk of comorbid disorders at age 5 (B = 0.226, SE = 0.089, OR = 1.25, 95 % CI: 1.05 to 1.50, p =.014, ΔR2 =.141).

High CU levels at age 3 were predictive of higher levels of CU traits (callousness, uncaring, unemotional, total), a higher number of ODD symptoms, CAS total aggression, relational aggression, CBCL emotionally withdrawn, aggressive behavior, internalizing, externalizing and total scores, lower scores in functional impairment and high risk of use of services.

In very young children, high CU traits are associated with disorganized attachment [19], impaired eye contact [20], high aggression and problem behavior [12, 21], and inconsistent and harsh discipline [22 — 24].

In multivariate models simultaneously including ODD diagnosis and CU levels, controlling by socioeconomic status, ethnicity, sex, severity of conduct disorder symptoms and other comorbidity, high CU scores were related to higher levels of aggression, withdrawn, externalizing and global symptomatology, functional impairment and higher probability of comorbid disorders and use of services.

However, studies investigating the association between quality of parenting and prospective change in CU traits in preschool samples have found that multiple domains of parenting (positive parenting, parental involvement, and poor monitoring / supervision) uniquely predicted changes in CU traits [47], and that high CU traits at ages 3 — 4 were predicted by parent harshness [57].

Another characteristic of children and adolescents with CD and high CU traits may be a higher inclination to join with antisocial and delinquent peers, and consequently, to commit crimes in groups [76], compared to children and adolescents with CD but without CU traits [77].

Boys with a CU traits score greater than this value were categorised into the high CU group.

In a recent publication exploring developmental trajectories of CU traits, youth with persisting high CU traits had experienced more maternal harshness, low parental knowledge, and monitoring compared to the moderate or low CU youth groups [64].

The Differential Amygdala Activation Model (DAAM)[12] is a recently developed model of amygdala function that has proposed a mechanism by which the subtle cognitive and emotional deficits characteristic of people with high CU traits, may develop.

More specifically, harshness increased significantly across groups from low to high CU traits, and youth with low CU traits reported higher parental warmth, but there were no differences between the warmth reported by high compared to moderated groups.

There thus appears to be a deleterious effect of the heterozygous genotype on CU traits: however, as true heterozygous effects are rare and the numbers of minor homozygotes in the high CU group are small, replication is required in larger cohorts to determine whether this is a true effect.

Since one interaction parameter CU × ODD achieved significant results (social cognition, p =.05), single effects were estimated and interpreted (for children with ODD = absent, ODD = present, low CU score - percentile 25 of the distribution - and high CU score - percentile 75): high CU raw scores were associated with high scores in social cognition difficulties at age 4, but only for children without ODD at age 3.

Currently available psychotherapeutic treatments for children with conduct disorder and high CU traits

Participants homozygous for the major allele (CC) were more likely to have high CU traits than heterozygotes (C / T) or minor homozygotes (TT).

It was found that serotonin level was a significant predictor of high CU traits even when antisocial behaviour severity was included as a covariate.

Waller et al. [64], found that higher levels of exposure to violence predicted both moderate and high CU traits trajectories, while no associations were found between neighbourhood disorder and CU traits trajectory.

Stability of high CU traits is associated with the poorest outcomes at follow - up [25].

While the aforementioned body of work indicates that children with high CU traits experience more negative parenting and poorer quality parent — child relationships, what is less understood, however, are the specific ways in which parents socialize such children about emotions.

This is somewhat consistent with the suggestion that conduct problems in high CU children are less influenced by coercive parental responding to this behavior, including harsh discipline and criticism [58, 64, 65].

Particularly, we showed that both attentional allocation toward and away from these facial stimuli were predicted by high CU traits and high ODD - related problems.

To our knowledge, we are unaware of any previous research examining how caregivers respond to high CU children when they are emotional or verbalizing feelings.

Nevertheless, greater attention orientation toward happy faces, for children with high CU traits and high ODD - related problems, is in line with data suggesting that adolescent youth with disruptive behaviors exhibit increased reward sensitivity (Byrd et al., 2014) and that CU traits are associated with a tendency to be over-focused on reward (Frick et al., 2003; Frick and White, 2008).

Although past studies have demonstrated associations between CU traits and discipline - related parenting practices and global qualities of the parent — child relationship, there has been no prior examination of parents» evaluations and reactions to emotional displays in high CU children (to our knowledge).

Although overall the sample showed improvement on representations of family dysfunction over time, analyses revealed that this effect was largely driven by the high CU traits group, while the low CU group remained relatively stable.

As affective relationship quality is especially important to behavioural change in children with high CU traits, an association between change in warmth in the pictures and child outcome would be moderated by levels of CU traits, such that more warmth would be more strongly related to positive outcomes in the child for children with high CU traits compared to those with low CU traits (hypothesis c).

Reduced emotional distance (i.e., increased warmth) within the family pictures was more strongly related to reduced conduct problems in high CU compared to low CU children, further adding support to the notion that parental warmth is of unique importance to the development of children with CU traits (hypothesis c).

Inspecting the standardized regression coefficients revealed that the relationships were of opposite direction: for the high CU group, change in Emotional Distance was negatively related to the outcome (β = −.31), while it was a positive association for the low CU group (β =.24).

The standardized regression coefficients revealed that an improvement in family dysfunction scores was significantly related to outcome for the high CU traits group (β = −.42) but not the low CU group (β =.04).

Levels of CU traits moderate the link between conduct problems and parenting practices such that ineffective parenting practices such as harsh or inconsistent discipline are more strongly related to conduct problems of boys with low rather than high CU traits.

Our results might be interpreted as suggesting that internal representations of family relations constitute a treatment mechanism that is more dominant in families with children who present with high CU traits.

An inspection of the mean plots (see Fig. 2) indicated that the differences in scores over time for the low CU group was smaller than the differences in scores over time for the high CU group, suggesting that the high CU group demonstrated more change (i.e., improvement) on these scales with treatment.

Thus, more improvement in Emotional Distance was associated with less conduct problems after the intervention for the high CU group, and vice versa for the low CU group.

For children with high CU traits, the affective quality of the parent - child relationship (as opposed to parental discipline) is more strongly related to their conduct problems (Kochanska 1997; Pasalich et al. 2011).

Strong, positive representations of family relationships may be particularly important to behavioural change in children with high CU traits and their families.

Pretty well ALL food has Cu in it, at least.02 mg for any 100 g of food, so we reach the maximum RDA for Cu very quickly after eating very little, potentially -LRB-.9 /.02) x 100 g = 4500g, and most foods have higher Cu in them, >.02 mg / 100g.

It was found that greater dysfunctional representations were significantly associated with higher CU behaviours but not conduct problems, and that dysfunctional family representations partially accounted for the link between sensitive parenting and later CU behaviours, indicating that the internalization of caregiving may be one of multiple developmental mechanisms contributing to the association between parenting and callous - unemotional conduct.

In both studies, based on our rationale described above, we expected to find significant relationships between higher CU traits and a more negative pattern of parental emotion socialization beliefs and practices; including less coaching and acceptance of emotions, and more dismissing and disapproval of emotions.

In contrast, our data revealed that the presence of higher CU traits is related to attentional avoidance of fearful faces for higher levels of both anxiety and ODD - related problems.

In our second study, we observed that mothers of higher CU children were more likely to dismiss instances of children's verbal expression of emotion.

Regarding early childhood data, the study conducted by Wagner et al. (2016) focused on the prediction that children with higher CU traits and ODD symptoms manifested during development have deficits in processing emotional relevant cues, such as gazing toward caregivers, as early as infancy.

Higher CU behaviours in children as early as 3 year - old are related to lower guilt and empathy, more proactive aggression [67], and, perspectively, to CU traits in late childhood [67, 82, 83].

Results show that the higher the CU raw scores, the higher the levels of CAS - total aggression and relational aggression, the higher the levels of CBCL withdrawn, attention, aggressive, externalizing and total scores, the higher the probability of comorbid disorders and use of services, and the lower the level of CGAS functional impairment.