Reciprocally,
high child externalizing and maternal physically harsh parenting predicted subsequent declines in the support from these sources.
Child Group × Parent interactions indicated that mothers experienced increased stress and a need for help with moderate as well as
high child externalizing behaviors, whereas fathers were not elevated on these measures unless the child's externalizing behaviors were high.
Not exact matches
A longitudinal study by the National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development concluded in 2007 that «although parenting was a stronger and more consistent predictor of children's development than early child ‐ care experience, higher quality care predicted higher vocabulary scores and more exposure to center care predicted more teacher ‐ reported externalizing prob
Child Health and Human Development concluded in 2007 that «although parenting was a stronger and more consistent predictor of
children's development than early
child ‐ care experience, higher quality care predicted higher vocabulary scores and more exposure to center care predicted more teacher ‐ reported externalizing prob
child ‐ care experience,
higher quality care predicted
higher vocabulary scores and more exposure to center care predicted more teacher ‐ reported
externalizing problems.
A similar group of
high -
externalizing children received no intervention.
Low family income during the early childhood has been linked to comparatively less secure attachment, 4
higher levels of negative moods and inattention, 5 as well as lower levels of prosocial behaviour in
children.2 The link between low family income and young
children's problem behaviour has been replicated across several datasets with different outcome measures, including parental reports of
externalizing and internalizing behaviours,1 - 3, 7 -9,11-12 teacher reports of preschool behavioural problems, 10 and assessments of
children based on clinical diagnostic interviews.7
For example,
children who have
high levels of fearfulness are less likely to have internalizing and
externalizing problems if their parents are
high in warmth and in gentle discipline strategies.
The study also found that
children and adolescents who experience
higher levels of overt victimization report
higher levels of overt aggression and lower levels of prosocial support, and exhibit more
externalizing behavior such as delinquency, impulsivity, and conduct problems.
In line with their own observations, this review, published in Developmental Review, demonstrates that susceptibility in childhood — characterized by such traits as impulsivity, disinhibition, or low fear or shyness — is associated with
higher levels of
externalizing problems in adolescence when
children were exposed to adverse environments, but lower levels of
externalizing problems when they were raised in suitable home environments.
All the average scores in this study were much
higher than those reported in a sample of Japanese
children aged 4 - 18 (N = 5159) from the general population: internalizing problems = 3.1 - 3.8 (SD = 4.2 - 4.8);
externalizing problems = 3.1 - 5.3 (SD = 4.3 - 5.6); total problems = 11.7 - 16.1 (SD = 13.4 - 14.5)[23].
Children receiving this training reported higher perceived classmate and teacher social support, and their parents reported less internalizing and externalizing problems relative to children in a standard social integration treatmen
Children receiving this training reported
higher perceived classmate and teacher social support, and their parents reported less internalizing and
externalizing problems relative to
children in a standard social integration treatmen
children in a standard social integration treatment group.
In addition, The rate of
children with scores in the clinical range for withdrawn behavior (31.6 % versus 0.0 %, p = 0.00), thought problems (52.6 % versus 16.7 %, p = 0.01), delinquent behavior (31.6 % versus 6.7 %, p = 0.00), internalizing problems (73.7 % versus 33.3 %, p = 0.01),
externalizing problems (47.4 % versus 16.7 %, p = 0.03), and total problems (57.9 % versus 13.3 %, p = 0.00) were significantly
higher among the
children who were visiting their fathers than those were not visiting them (Table 4).
At 6 and 12 months after discharge, there was a significantly
higher percentage of control group
children with clinically significant
externalizing symptoms (6 months, 14.3 %; 12 months, 22.2 %), compared with the COPE
children (6 months, 1.8 %; 12 months, 4.5 %)(χ2 [1 df] at 6 months = 5.59, P <.05; χ2 [1 df] at 12 months = 5.23, P <.05).
For example,
children who have
high levels of fearfulness are less likely to have internalizing and
externalizing problems if their parents are
high in warmth and in gentle discipline strategies.
Low family income during the early childhood has been linked to comparatively less secure attachment, 4
higher levels of negative moods and inattention, 5 as well as lower levels of prosocial behaviour in
children.2 The link between low family income and young
children's problem behaviour has been replicated across several datasets with different outcome measures, including parental reports of
externalizing and internalizing behaviours,1 - 3, 7 -9,11-12 teacher reports of preschool behavioural problems, 10 and assessments of
children based on clinical diagnostic interviews.7
Moreover, parents of
externalizing children reported levels of impact and stress as
high as those reported by parents of
children with autism.
Independent of institutional history,
children who were adopted ≥ 24 months had
higher rates of behavior problems across many CBCL scales, including internalizing and
externalizing problems.
In addition, the BITSEA / P and BITSEA / PC demonstrated fair to good sensitivity and good specificity in detecting
children with
high ITSEA internalizing,
externalizing, and / or dysregulation domains (Table III).
On social - emotional measures, foster
children in the NSCAW study tended to have more compromised functioning than would be expected from a
high - risk sample.43 Moreover, as indicated in the previous section, research suggests that foster
children are more likely than nonfoster care
children to have insecure or disordered attachments, and the adverse long - term outcomes associated with such attachments.44 Many studies of foster
children postulate that a majority have mental health difficulties.45 They have
higher rates of depression, poorer social skills, lower adaptive functioning, and more
externalizing behavioral problems, such as aggression and impulsivity.46 Additionally, research has documented
high levels of mental health service utilization among foster
children47 due to both greater mental health needs and greater access to services.
Specifically, negative emotional reactivity has been found to predict both internalizing problems (e.g., anxiety, depression) and
externalizing problems (e.g., aggression, rule - breaking).1 Fearfulness predicts internalizing problems, and self - regulation difficulties predict
externalizing problems.1 The large literature on parenting2 generally shows that
high levels of warm and firm parenting are associated with positive
child development.4
Children who have
high levels of fearfulness are less likely to have internalizing and
externalizing problems if their parents are
high in warmth and in gentle discipline strategies.20, 21
Externalizing behaviors:
children who scored
high on these behaviors tended to demonstrate such behaviors as (over) activity, aggression / defiance, peer aggression, and emotional negativity.
If the
child screened
high above the 90th percentile on the CBCL
externalizing scale they were seen for the pretreatment assessment, during which the
child completed the PPVT, the parent completed the CBCL, Eyberg, RABI, and the interaction session was videotaped.
A closer inspection of their results, however, shows
children lower in internalizing problems actually showed fewer
externalizing symptoms at follow - up even though the rate of improvement was lower than those with
higher initial internalizing symptoms.
In particular,
children with
high confidence in mathematical and verbal domains showed few
externalizing behaviors.
Caregiver of a
child with
externalizing problems, trauma, mental health problems, drug use,
high - risk sexual behavior, and problems in school and with peer group
Children who are rejected by many classmates exhibit
high rates of internalizing and
externalizing behavior (Coie et al., 1982; Cairns et al., 1988; Kupersmidt and Coie, 1990; Cillessen et al., 1992; Parkhurst and Asher, 1992; Dishion et al., 1995; Parker et al., 1995; Pettit et al., 1996; Miller - Johnson et al., 2002).
Goodrum found that the
children with the
highest levels of
externalizing behaviors reported the most mother / co-parent conflict.
The development of emotional regulation capacities in
children at
high versus low risk for
externalizing disorder was examined in a longitudinal study investigating: (a) whether disturbances in emotion regulation precede and predict the emergence of
externalizing symptoms and (b) whether sensitive maternal behavior is a significant influence on the development of
child emotion regulation.
Children higher on initial levels of internalizing problems made more rapid progress at posttreatment on the externalizing scale, but differed little at follow - up from children with lower initial levels of internalizing p
Children higher on initial levels of internalizing problems made more rapid progress at posttreatment on the
externalizing scale, but differed little at follow - up from
children with lower initial levels of internalizing p
children with lower initial levels of internalizing problems.
Parents of youth with internalizing and
externalizing behaviors, substance use and abuse, delinquency, police arrests, out - of - home placements, and deviant peer association; parents who are depressed, highly stressed, living in poverty or
high - crime neighborhoods, Spanish - speaking immigrants, parents returning from wars (e.g., Iraq / Afghanistan) who may be experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mothers living in shelters or supportive housing because of homelessness or domestic violence, birth parents whose
children are in care because of abuse / neglect, and family with transitions such as divorce, single parenting, and step - families
Externalizing problems, first -
child status, and a
high school education were associated with increased enrollment.
Children with early onset of either internalizing problems such as anxiousness and withdrawn behavior (e.g., [4]-RRB- or persistent
externalizing problems such as defiant and disruptive behavior (e.g., [5 — 7]-RRB- are also at
higher risk for continued severe and debilitating mental health problems during adolescence and adulthood [8, 9].
The fact that
children in the Internalizing, the
Externalizing / emotionally - reactive, and the Dysregulation profile at 6 years have
high scores on the Emotionally Reactive scale of the preschool CBCL may reflect this underlying syndrome of poor self - regulation.
Subjects were mothers and fathers of 52 preschool - aged
children assigned to one of three groups: control, moderate
externalizing, and
high externalizing.
Children who have disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure have been shown to be vulnerable to stress, have problems with regulation and control of negative emotions, and display oppositional, hostile - aggressive behaviours, and coercive styles of interaction.2, 3 They may exhibit low self - esteem, internalizing and externalizing problems in the early school years, poor peer interactions, unusual or bizarre behaviour in the classroom, high teacher ratings of dissociative behaviour and internalizing symptoms in middle childhood, high levels of teacher - rated social and behavioural difficulties in class, low mathematics attainment, and impaired formal operational skills.3 They may show high levels of overall psychopathology at 17 years.3 Disorganized attachment with a primary attachment figure is over-represented in groups of children with clinical problems and those who are victims of maltreatment.1, 2,3 A majority of children with early disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure during infancy go on to develop significant social and emotional maladjustment and psychopathology.3, 4 Thus, an attachment - based intervention should focus on preventing and / or reducing disorganized att
Children who have disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure have been shown to be vulnerable to stress, have problems with regulation and control of negative emotions, and display oppositional, hostile - aggressive behaviours, and coercive styles of interaction.2, 3 They may exhibit low self - esteem, internalizing and
externalizing problems in the early school years, poor peer interactions, unusual or bizarre behaviour in the classroom,
high teacher ratings of dissociative behaviour and internalizing symptoms in middle childhood,
high levels of teacher - rated social and behavioural difficulties in class, low mathematics attainment, and impaired formal operational skills.3 They may show
high levels of overall psychopathology at 17 years.3 Disorganized attachment with a primary attachment figure is over-represented in groups of
children with clinical problems and those who are victims of maltreatment.1, 2,3 A majority of children with early disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure during infancy go on to develop significant social and emotional maladjustment and psychopathology.3, 4 Thus, an attachment - based intervention should focus on preventing and / or reducing disorganized att
children with clinical problems and those who are victims of maltreatment.1, 2,3 A majority of
children with early disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure during infancy go on to develop significant social and emotional maladjustment and psychopathology.3, 4 Thus, an attachment - based intervention should focus on preventing and / or reducing disorganized att
children with early disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure during infancy go on to develop significant social and emotional maladjustment and psychopathology.3, 4 Thus, an attachment - based intervention should focus on preventing and / or reducing disorganized attachment.
Researchers have reported that North American
children tended to exhibit
higher levels of aggressive and
externalizing behavior than their counterparts in some Asian countries such as China, Korea, Japan and Thailand, in Australia and in some European nations such as Sweden and the Netherlands.18, 19,20,21
The growing trend in multipartnered fertility, along with
high rates of nonmarital births, means that many men are fathering
children from multiple women at a distance, 45,46 a trait that is associated with greater
externalizing behaviours and poorer health among
children.47
This set of positive practices has been related to a lower rate of
externalizing problems in
children, to
higher self - esteem, and to good psychological adjustment (Eiden et al. 2007; Khaleque et al. 2007; Rohner 1990).
Children who carried copies of the A allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs10482672 had the
highest risk of
externalizing psychopathology if they were in the control arm of the trial and the lowest risk of
externalizing psychopathology if they were in the treatment arm.
For instance, Kochanska et al. [29] showed that CU traits moderate the effect between early parenting and
externalizing behavior problems: in
children high in CU traits, parents» positive affect reduced the probability of future behavior problems.
Using a total sample (N = 2,572) and subsample (n = 441) of
children ages 3 — 18 years old, the purpose of this study was to assess whether cumulative types of family violence lead to
higher mean
externalizing behavior scores and to examine the effects of single types of indirect and direct family violence on
children's mean
externalizing behavior scores.
Simple slope analyses as suggested by Aiken and West (1991) revealed that
higher levels of temperament exacerbated the relationship between family conflict and
child externalizing behavior.
Forty - nine of these
children displayed symptoms of aggressive / destructive (
externalizing) problems that were in the borderline clinical range (labelled «
high risk») and 50
children displayed few such symptoms («low risk»).
Context Attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), an early manifestation of
externalizing behavior, may identify
children at
high risk for later substance abuse.
As seen in Table II, the adolescent
children of non-White mothers had significantly
higher HbA1c and greater
externalizing problems than adolescents of White mothers.
In a study of 145 preschool
children, Tschann and colleagues (Tchann, Kaiser, Chesney, Alkon, & Boyce, 1996) found that
children with a difficult temperament (e.g., negative mood, distractibility) in
high - conflict families had
higher levels of internalizing and
externalizing behavior problems compared to
children with less a difficult temperament or a less conflictual home.
The Fast Track intervention enrolled 891
children at
high risk to develop
externalizing behavior problems when they were in kindergarten.
In addition, parents who used
child services in the past reported
higher levels of internalizing (not
externalizing) behaviors in their
children, and parents» previous experience predicted
child mental health service use.
In the general population group, surgency was not significantly associated with
externalizing problems, whereas referred
children with
higher levels of surgency did show more
externalizing problem behavior.
This paper analyzes the level of social impairment (index of broader autism phenotype), the risk of internalizing and
externalizing problems (index of psychological adjustment) and the parenting distress in an Italian sample of siblings of
children with
high - functioning ASD (n = 26).