With the GM 2.8 L diesel gaining only 2 MPG over the 2.5 L gasoline engine, while adding 440 pounds to its curb weight, the diesel fuel economy gains are not sufficient to offset
the higher emission factor for diesel fuel, with the diesel option producing 4 % more CO2 - equivalent emissions over the truck's life - cycle.
(12) Pennsylvania anthracite, which is produced in small amounts, has
the highest emission factor among all coal ranks (227.4).
Not exact matches
«Consumers often equate more dependence on pasture with environmentally friendly farming, but this study demonstrated that low milk production per cow is a major
factor associated with
high GHG
emission.
Due to varying
factors, initial
emissions caps in the European Union, the U.S. Northeast and California all ended up comfortably above actual
emissions, so businesses have not had to pay
high prices or face significant incentives to curb their
emissions.
«EPA believes it is important to develop
emissions factors that are of
high quality and reliable,» she wrote.
Overall, Delphi favors a 3 - cylinder configuration as opposed to a 4 - cylinder for reduced fuel consumption and regulated
emissions for a number of
factors, including better
high load scavenging for
high load performance.
I would like to see a discussion of the likelihood that
factors traditionally viewed as slow response feedback
factors (such as Arctic albedo, or
high methane
emissions permafrost degradation) may actually become faster response feedback
factors.
Worldwide, vegetation fires are showing a trend toward longer burning periods, increased fire severity, larger areas burned and increased (mostly human caused) frequency — with all of these
factors contributing to more damaging environmental impacts,
higher shares of
emissions and increasing socioeconomic costs, including greater threats to human health and security.
There's an under - bias in my numbers due to self consumption at power plants and especially because average
emission factors understate
emissions from older and smaller (
higher heat rate and thus
higher emissions) plants that have disproportionately been the ones shut down or not dispatched.
For example, though temperature is a secondary
factor,
higher temperature CO2 is somewhat less likely to relax through
emission than cooled CO2 — the opposite of Planck function.
Given those two
factors and ignoring future
emissions that will drive the temperature even
higher, we are already over +2 C warming once we stop emitting short - lived coal smoke and other pollutants into the air and we give the Earth time to reach temperature equilibrium.
Essentially, EPA wants to give credit to existing NGCCs for upping their capacity
factors since that helps to displace
higher - emitting fossil generators, thereby reducing total
emissions from the electric sector.
A recent Canadian study of the nation - wide
emissions of greenhouse gases from agricultural activities used nitrous oxide
emissions factors which indicated that nitrous oxide
emissions from anhydrous ammonia and ammonium phosphate were from four to five times as
high as those from urea or ammonium nitrate.
The methodologies for estimating
emissions / removals from the land - use change and forestry category require
high quality statistical data and
emission factors.
«Combined with a literature review, the results showed that
high N2O
emissions from peat decomposition in the tropics tend to be common; which is in contrast with most recent IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]
emission factors,» she says.
Thus while CO2 and temperature are thightly coupled and CO2 levels in the atmosphere follow the seasonal cooling within a month, the other
factor, the
emissions independently increases the amounts, pushing the setpoint of the equilibrium to
higher levels.
«It is no surprise that while the EU's domestic CO2
emissions have fallen, if you
factor in CO2
emissions embedded in goods imported into EU, the figure remains substantially
higher,» says Peiser.
Therefore, in regions with fewer controls, primary particulate matter
emission factors are
higher, but SO2
emissions are also
higher....
(Sec. 265) Authorizes the Secretary to establish a research program to: (1) identify the
factors affecting consumer actions to conserve energy and make improvements in energy efficiency; and (2) make grants to institutions of
higher education to study the effects of consumer behavior on total energy use, the potential energy savings from changes in consumption habits, the ability to reduce GHG
emissions through changes in energy consumption habits, increasing public awareness of federal climate adaptation and mitigation programs, and the potential for alterations in consumer behavior to further American energy independence.
The exact size of the carbon budget can not be specified with
high confidence since it depends on many uncertain
factors, including
emission pathways for non-CO2 climate forcers.
If you are benchmarking the two policies for a comparable carbon price, total
emissions would be
higher under my system, and so the total value of
emissions rights which are nominally granted to firms would be
higher, likely by a
factor of 1.5 - 2 based on work I just read by Rivers and Jaccard, although I don't have specific modeling numbers.
http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/05/19%20low%20carbon%20future%20wind%20solar%20power%20frank/net%20benefits%20final.pdf «As shown in Tables 2A and 2B, among the no - carbon energy alternatives, nuclear plants avoid the most
emissions per MW of new capacity, simply because nuclear plants have far and away the
highest capacity
factor.
In addition, lower latitude regions typically experience
higher rates of terrestrial net primary production (NPP), a
factor that has been positively correlated with GHG
emissions from hydroelectric reservoirs (Hertwich 2013).
Overall, in MISO, average
emission factors are generally
higher than marginal estimates (typical difference: ∼ 20 %).
The modern era
emission tonnes are
higher by a
factor of 5 +.
We find, for example, that marginal
emission factors are generally
higher during late - night and early morning compared to afternoons.
-- Muller believes humans are changing climate with CO2
emissions — humans have been responsible for «most» of a 0.4 C warming since 1957, almost none of the warming before then — IPCC is in trouble due to sloppy science, exaggerated predictions; chairman will have to resign — the «Climategate» mails were not «hacked» — they were «leaked» by an insider — due to «hide the decline» deception, Muller will not read any future papers by Michael Mann — there has been no increase in hurricanes or tornadoes due to global warming — automobiles are insignificant in overall picture — China is the major CO2 producer, considerably more than USA today — # 1 priority for China is growth of economy — global warming is not considered important — China CO2 efficiency (GDP per ton CO2) is around one - fourth of USA today, has much room for improvement — China growth will make per capita CO2
emissions at same level as USA today by year 2040 — if it is «not profitable» it is «not sustainable» — US energy future depends on shale gas for automobiles; hydrogen will not be a
factor — nor will electric cars, due to
high cost — Muller is upbeat on nuclear (this was recorded pre-Fukushima)-- there has been no warming in the USA — Muller was not convinced of Hansen's GISS temperature record; hopes BEST will provide a better record.
«For the
high emissions scenario, it is likely that the frequency of hot days will increase by a
factor of 10 in most regions of the world», said Thomas Stocker the other Co-chair of Working Group I. «Likewise, heavy precipitation will occur more often, and the wind speed of tropical cyclones will increase while their number will likely remain constant or decrease».
In addition, given that responsibility for past
emissions is arguably a
factor that should be considered in determining fair allocations and given that people in most developed countries have historically emitted much
higher levels than people in developing countries, it is quite clear that the vast majority of regional and local governments, organizations, and businesses can not reasonably argue that they are not exceeding their fair share of safe global
emissions.
System value is determined by a variety of
factors, including reduced fuel costs, reduced carbon dioxide and other pollutant
emissions costs, or
higher costs of additional grid infrastructure.
It is important to note that in the future, plug - in vehicles with large battery packs might be able to offer the largest benefits at the lowest costs if all the right
factors fall into place, including low - cost batteries, low -
emissions electricity, long battery life, and
high gasoline prices.
Their findings showed that spring N2O
emission was
higher for CT while growing season
emission was dependent on
factors other than tillage.
You aren't thinking about the warming period early last century, because we know it was a relatively brief period, and so lacked huge significance, and was caused by a combination of CO2
emissions,
high solar activity and low volcanic activity and the later two
factors haven't been apparent since the 1970's modern warming period.
The
high carbon dioxide
emission factor for anthracite reflects the coal's relatively small hydrogen content, which lowers its heating value.
Because lower rank coals have relatively
high carbon dioxide
emission factors, increased use of these coals caused the national average carbon dioxide
emission factor to rise from 206.5 pounds per million Btu in 1980 to 207.6 pounds per million Btu in 1992.
The majority of the world's people live at what would be considered desperate poverty levels in developed countries, the average per capita material and energy use in developed countries is
higher than in developing countries by a
factor of 5 to 10 [25], and the developed countries are responsible for over three quarters of cumulative greenhouse gas
emissions from 1850 to 2000 [85].
While Christy only considered the possibility that climate models are wrong, Taylor considered three possibilities: (1) the surface temperature record is biased
high, (2) a
factor other than human greenhouse gas
emissions is causing global warming, or (3) the «assumptions about greenhouse gas theory are wrong.»
In Britain, fossil fuel
emissions rose 3.8 % last year, 14 % below 1990 figures, but when
emissions from trade are
factored in,
emissions were 20 %
higher than 20 years ago.