With respect to internalizing symptoms, high emotion - related physiological reactivity coupled with
high emotion regulation difficulties were associated with higher self - reported major depression symptoms among youth.
Children who have disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure have been shown to be vulnerable to stress, have problems with
regulation and control of negative
emotions, and display oppositional, hostile - aggressive behaviours, and coercive styles of interaction.2, 3 They may exhibit low self - esteem, internalizing and externalizing problems in the early school years, poor peer interactions, unusual or bizarre behaviour in the classroom,
high teacher ratings of dissociative behaviour and internalizing symptoms in middle childhood,
high levels of teacher - rated social and behavioural
difficulties in class, low mathematics attainment, and impaired formal operational skills.3 They may show
high levels of overall psychopathology at 17 years.3 Disorganized attachment with a primary attachment figure is over-represented in groups of children with clinical problems and those who are victims of maltreatment.1, 2,3 A majority of children with early disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure during infancy go on to develop significant social and emotional maladjustment and psychopathology.3, 4 Thus, an attachment - based intervention should focus on preventing and / or reducing disorganized attachment.
Higher scores indicate greater
difficulties in
emotion regulation Participants are required to indicate how often each items apply to themselves, with responses ranging from 1 to 5, where 1 is almost never (0 % - 10 %) 2 is sometimes (11 % - 35 %) 3 is (about half the time 36 % - 65 %) 4 is most of the time (66 % - 90 %) and 5 is almost always (91 % - 100 %).
First, female's betrayal, fear and
difficulties in
emotion regulation was more
higher than males» but there was no gender difference in PTSD.
Given the
high rates of emotional
difficulties (Ooi et al. 2011; Totsika et al. 2011), psychopathology (Brereton et al. 2006; Dickerson et al. 2011), and externalizing and internalizing problems (Maskey et al. 2013) in children with ASD, these findings support the need for interventions targeting the underlying deficits in
emotion regulation abilities (Gross and Thompson 2007; Mazefsky et al. 2013; Rieffe et al. 2011; Weiss 2014).