Sentences with phrase «high latitudes by»

The atmosphere gains angular momentum from the equatorial surface, transfers it to higher latitudes by general circulation, and delivers angular momentum back to the surface at higher latitudes.

The effects of declining sea ice on marine mammals are likely to be reflected in the shifting of marine mammal populations (or smaller units) to higher latitudes by either direct movement and / or indirect shifts associated with increased mortality and decreased reproduction at lower latitudes, coincident with decreased mortality and increased reproduction at higher latitudes (Tynan and DeMaster 1997).

Not exact matches

A key Atlantic Ocean current that carries warmth into the higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere has slowed down by 15 % since the mid-20th century and hit a «new record...

The lower pressure is caused almost exclusively by the lower temperatures encountered at higher latitudes.

And an experiment conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health suggests that contemporary Americans tend to slip back into a two - phase sleep pattern when (1) they are denied access to artificial lighting and (2) find themselves living under conditions that simulate winter at high latitudes.

It's also possible that the beginning of the next 11 - year solar cycle — which is marked by the emergence of dark blemishes called sunspots at high solar latitudes — may simply be delayed by a few years, rather than shut down for decades.

In short, assisted by tropical convection, the Hadley circulation exports energy from the upper - tropospheric tropics to higher latitudes, and circulation features of the middle latitudes link the tropics with the polar regions.

Previous work by Hook using satellite data indicated that many lake temperatures were warming faster than air temperature and that the greatest warming was observed at high latitudes, as seen in other climate warming studies.

And at high global latitudes, cold lakes normally covered by ice in the winter are seeing less ice year after year — a change that could affect all parts of the food web, from algae to freshwater seals.

«At the higher latitudes of Great Britain, Scandinavia and the Baltic States, as well as Northern Germany and France, very little UVB light reaches the Earth, and it's the key wavelength required by the skin for vitamin D generation,» Elias said.

Deutsch, Joshua Tewksbury of the University of Washington in Seattle, and other colleagues compared anticipated temperatures in both the tropics and higher latitudes with the optimum temperatures preferred by a variety of cold - blooded creatures — specifically, insects, frogs, lizards and turtles.

These events are characterized by drastic temperature changes of up to 15 °C within a few decades in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

The aim of this specialist was to find potatoes which brought together the features of the South American varieties (their colour, resistance to pathogens and their nutritional and organoleptic properties) with those of the commercial varieties employed in our latitudes and characterized by their high productivity.

The warming at sea level is expected to reach 3 degrees Celsius by the year 2100, and possibly double that, or 6 degrees Celsius, at the highest mountain peaks in the low latitudes.

And they found that the bears were indeed transporting the seeds to cooler locations — not by moving to higher latitudes, but higher altitudes.

The beginning of the last glacial period was characterized in the Northern hemisphere by significant accumulation of snow at high latitudes and the formation of a huge polar ice sheet.

The extraordinary cold spell was probably strengthened and lengthened by the resulting increase in sea ice at high latitudes, as well as an unusually low number of sunspots in the middle of the 7th century.

al, (June, 2005): [During the Paleocene - Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), sea surface temperature (SST) rose by 5 Deg C in the tropics and as much as 9 Deg C at high latitudes, whereas bottom - waters temperatures increased 4 to 5 C.

... or is any AO / NAM trend driven partly by changes in storm track positions themselves being forced by other changes besides specifically AO / NAM (reduced static stability at higher latitudes, reduced lower tropospheric temp gradient, increased gradient in upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, increased humidity, variations in all those with latitude and longitude...)??

During the last deglaciation, and likely also the three previous ones, the onset of warming at both high southern and northern latitudes preceded by several thousand years the first signals of significant sea level increase resulting from the melting of the northern ice sheets linked with the rapid warming at high northern latitudes (Petit et al., 1999; Shackleton, 2000; Pépin et al., 2001).

At lower latitudes, permafrost is the glue that holds the world's highest mountains together by keeping rocks and soil frozen in place.

During glaciation, water was taken from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes, thus global sea level drops by about 120 meters, exposing the continental shelves and forming land - bridges between land - masses for animals to migrate.

With higher precipitation, portions of this snow may not melt during the summer and so glacial ice can form at lower altitudes and more southerly latitudes, reducing the temperatures over land by increased albedo as noted above.

Furthermore, the relatively high «sensitivity» from glacial to interglacial is largely driven by the change in the orbit relative to the Sun, which changes the distribution of incident solar energy into the system quite dramatically (more energy is distributed to the higher latitudes in the NH summer, in particular).

The high latitudes and polar regions were more or less ice - free, and were populated by a diverse assemblage of plants and animals.

Warming was not uniform across the globe: sea surface temperatures increased by ~ 6 °C at high latitudes and ~ 4 °C at low latitudes, and deep - water temperatures increased by ~ 8 °C at high latitudes and ~ 6 °C at low latitudes.

CMEs emerging from sunspots located at latitudes of 60 ˚ or higher, north and south, can have their tracks bent by the sun's magnetic field and pushed out toward the planets by the 500 - kilometer - per - second solar wind.

This calculation can be made in considering the flow and the delta temperatures between mid-latitudes and high - latitudes of the NAD and by comparing this delta to the theorical necessary energy to obtain the high - latitude recorded temperatures.

This suggests that current models underestimate the heat stored by the ground, particularly for the northern high latitudes.

Global average surface temperatures are not expected to change significantly although temperatures at higher latitudes may be expected to decrease to a modest extent because of a reduction in the efficiency of meridional heat transport (offsetting the additional warming anticipated for this environment caused by the build - up of greenhouse gases).

I was thinking instead perhaps more easily controlled polar - orbit satellites might be used, which would rotate with some fixed ratio to their orbital period, casting greater shadows at higher latitudes... or some other arrangment... for a targetted offset polar amplification of AGW especially and in particular perhaps avoiding the reduction in precipitation that can be caused by SW - radiation - based «GE» (although aerosols that actually absorb some SW in the troposphere while shielding the surface would have the worst effect in that way, I'd think)... strategic distribution of solar shading has been suggested with precipitation effects in mind, such as here... sorry, I don't have the link (I'm sure I saved it, just as Steve Fish would suggest — but where?).

Climate models may therefore lack — or incorrectly parameterize — fundamental processes by which surface temperatures respond to radiative forcings... In contrast with climate model simulations, the zonal surface temperature changes... do not increase rapidly from mid to high latitudes.»

Of course, in such a time average, each location's fluxes (energy, and also momentum and mass) are balanced, with vertical imbalances (generally a net gain in heat at lower latitudes and net loss in higher latitudes, especially in winter) are balanced by horizontal fluxes.

Actually, there is some interesting work being done by Matt Huber of Purdue, following up on some earlier ideas of Emanuel's, suggesting that the role of TCs in transporting heat from equator towards the poles may be more significant than previously thought — it also allows for some interesting, though admittedly somewhat exotic, mechanisms for explaining the «cool tropics paradox» and «equable climate problem» of the early Paleogene and Cretaceous periods, i.e. the problem of how to make the higher latitudes warm without warming the tropics much, something that appears to have happened during some past warm epochs in Earth's history.

The troposphere is not everywhere at all times locally vertically coupled by convection; in particular, at night and at high latitudes, especially in winter, and where there is warm air advection aloft, some layer of air can become stable to localized convection.

As the area / volume ratio for the NH parts of the oceans is practically the same as for the SH, the surface heating (W / m2) must be larger in the NH parts, within the constraints of heat exchange via ocean and air currents (and partly by the difference in warming area in the tropics vs. the cooling areas in the higher latitudes)...

Also, if you look at Table T2 in this paper, you will see that ocean sea surface heat storage 0 - 700m from 1955 - 2003 (in W / m2) is always higher at northern latitudes than the corresponding southern latitudes in every case, even with the extensive Southern Ocean warming as noted by Gavin responding to # 18.

In the tropics, simple thermodynamics (as covered in many undergraduate meteorology courses) dictates that it should actually warm faster, up to about 1.8 times faster by the time you get to 12 km or so; at higher latitudes this ratio is affected by other factors and decreases, but does not fall very far below 1.

«This perspective article focuses on intervals in time in the fossil record when atmospheric CO2 concentrations increased up to 1200 ppmv, temperatures in mid - to high - latitudes increased by greater than 4 °C within 60 years, and sea levels rose by up to 3 m higher than present.

This would actually not be true at sufficiently high latitudes in the winter hemisphere, except that some circulation in the upper atmosphere is driven by kinetic energy generated within the troposphere (small amount of energy involved) which, so far as I know, doesn't result in much of a global time average non-radiative energy flux above the tropopause, but it does have important regional effects, and the result is that the top of the stratosphere is warmer than the tropopause at all latitudes in all seasons so far as I know.

Polar Biomes: Areas in the higher latitudes tend to be dominated by coniferous forests in the warmer portions that transition to tundra in the cooler areas.

As found by Kutzbach et al. (2005) and Bosilovich et al. (2005), atmospheric moisture convergence increases over the equatorial oceans and over high latitudes.

(1) p228 Recently observed moderate climatic changes have induced forest productivity gains globally (reviewed in Boisvenue and Running, 2006) and possibly enhanced carbon sequestration, especially in tropical forests (Baker et al., 2004; Lewis et al., 2004a, 2004b; Malhi and Phillips, 2004; Phillips et al., 2004), where these are not reduced by water limitations (e.g., Boisvenue and Running, 2006) or offset by deforestation or novel fire regimes (Nepstad et al., 1999, 2004; Alencar et al., 2006) or by hotter and drier summers at mid - and high latitudes (Angert et al., 2005)

We can not rule out the possibility that some of the low - frequency Pacific variability was a forced response to variable solar intensity and changing teleconnections to higher latitudes that are not simulated by the models, or that non-climatic processes have influenced the proxies... the paleodata - model mismatch supports the possibility that unforced, low - frequency internal climate variability (that is difficult for models to simulate) was responsible for at least some of the global temperature change of the past millennium.»

In northern Europe and in other high latitudes, in contrast, the cool stage at the beginning of the 1st century ce may have been drier and more continental, as evidenced by dune building.

And for a little historical perspective: «It will without doubt have come to your Lordship's knowledge that a considerable change of climate, inexplicable at present to us, must have taken place in the Circumpolar Regions, by which the severity of the cold that has for centuries past enclosed the seas in the high northern latitudes in an impenetrable barrier of ice has been during the last two years, greatly abated.

By this time of year, the intense summer growing season in the Northern Hemisphere has spread to high latitudes.

Muon densities increase more in higher latitudes at times of weak solar magnetic activity, which is why volcanic activity in the higher latitudes will be affected more by this process.

4) By interpreting the analyss of Bob Tisdale, the global sea surface temperatures used by Endersbee in his calculations have been controlled by warming of the sea surface waters outside the tropical sea surface i.e. mainly by the warming of the sea surface waters of higher latitudes where the sea surface CO2 sinks arBy interpreting the analyss of Bob Tisdale, the global sea surface temperatures used by Endersbee in his calculations have been controlled by warming of the sea surface waters outside the tropical sea surface i.e. mainly by the warming of the sea surface waters of higher latitudes where the sea surface CO2 sinks arby Endersbee in his calculations have been controlled by warming of the sea surface waters outside the tropical sea surface i.e. mainly by the warming of the sea surface waters of higher latitudes where the sea surface CO2 sinks arby warming of the sea surface waters outside the tropical sea surface i.e. mainly by the warming of the sea surface waters of higher latitudes where the sea surface CO2 sinks arby the warming of the sea surface waters of higher latitudes where the sea surface CO2 sinks are.

Agriculture in higher latitudes is limited by length of growing seasons.