Using spectral
readings from telescopes at the Keck Observatory in Hawaii, Hand has found
high levels of oxidative chemicals such as sulfate, oxygen, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen peroxide on Europa's surface, which are produced as ionizing
radiation from Jupiter scours it, splitting apart water molecules and sulfur compounds in the uppermost layers of its ice.
I can remember
reading studies that purported to show that
higher UV
radiation from ozone depletion was causing frogs to disappear, this despite the fact that the experiments amounted to the same increased UV exposure as relocating the frogs about 50 miles south would have.