It may be, then, that a certain level of
vitamin E deficiency is
needed to «activate» some of the harmful effects of smoking, and that poor - quality animal fats and a few helpings of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils are the best way to achieve this, but that fats that weren't tested in this study such as
high - quality
butter or relatively saturated but
vitamin E-rich virgin palm
oil may provide the most superior protection.
High vitamin butter may be rich in AA and possibly other factors
needed for the omega - 6 pathway; and cod liver
oil is rich in EPA
needed for the omega - 3 pathway.