Not all scientists are convinced that deep mantle plumes can propel tectonic plates, or are responsible for hot spots areas of
unusually high volcanic activity such as the one under Réunion island.
Of the five species die offs in the last 500 million years, three are suspected of being caused by warming that included high co2 atmospherics levels
from high volcanic activity.
The same models that are valid today would be valid, for example, through periods of
much higher volcanic activity, different geographic arrangements and foliage (albedo), and different atmospheric composition.
It also means that if we choose a pre-industrial baseline when there was low solar activity, like the late 1600s, or in a period
of high volcanic activity, like the 1810s or the 1880s, then we would have a lower reference point and we would pass through 1.5 ℃ or 2 ℃ sooner.