Part of this sensitivity is attributed to a physically realistic positive radiative feedback, whereby a propensity toward
higher cloud fractions in any given simulation is amplified by longwave radiative cooling.
The results were striking: across the intercomparison the cloud fraction was found to vary by a factor of almost five and the amount of liquid water in the clouds by nearly a factor of twelve, with the simulations having
the highest cloud fraction and liquid water agreeing most closely with the observations.
Not exact matches
(Note that radiative forcing is not necessarily proportional to reduction in atmospheric transparency, because relatively opaque layers in the lower warmer troposphere (water vapor, and for the fractional area they occupy, low level
clouds) can reduce atmospheric transparency a lot on their own while only reducing the net upward LW flux above them by a small amount; colder,
higher - level
clouds will have a bigger effect on the net upward LW flux above them (per
fraction of areal coverage), though they will have a smaller effect on the net upward LW flux below them.
The calculated solar
fraction for the full month was 0.989 — very nice — probably a bit
higher than a typical March, which might have more
clouds.
While ARs are responsible for a large
fraction of heavy precipitation in that region during winter, much of the rest of the orographic precipitation occurs in post-frontal
clouds, which are typically quite shallow, with tops just
high enough to pass the mountain barrier.
But, the amount of energy deposited is also low, as
clouds have a
high albedo, reflecting some
fraction of the energy back to space and absorbing another
fraction, which heats the air above the surface.