Sentences with phrase «higher estimated effects»

They are present for both relatively affluent and relatively disadvantaged students (with somewhat higher estimated effects for students not eligible for free or reduced - price lunches).

They are present for both white and non-white students (with slightly higher estimated effects for non-white students).

To put these results in context, consider the Tennessee STAR Experiment, which produced some of the literature's highest estimated effects for class - size reduction.

Not exact matches

Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in such forward - looking statements and that should be considered in evaluating our outlook include, but are not limited to, the following: 1) our ability to continue to grow our business and execute our growth strategy, including the timing, execution, and profitability of new and maturing programs; 2) our ability to perform our obligations under our new and maturing commercial, business aircraft, and military development programs, and the related recurring production; 3) our ability to accurately estimate and manage performance, cost, and revenue under our contracts, including our ability to achieve certain cost reductions with respect to the B787 program; 4) margin pressures and the potential for additional forward losses on new and maturing programs; 5) our ability to accommodate, and the cost of accommodating, announced increases in the build rates of certain aircraft; 6) the effect on aircraft demand and build rates of changing customer preferences for business aircraft, including the effect of global economic conditions on the business aircraft market and expanding conflicts or political unrest in the Middle East or Asia; 7) customer cancellations or deferrals as a result of global economic uncertainty or otherwise; 8) the effect of economic conditions in the industries and markets in which we operate in the U.S. and globally and any changes therein, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; 9) the success and timely execution of key milestones such as the receipt of necessary regulatory approvals, including our ability to obtain in a timely fashion any required regulatory or other third party approvals for the consummation of our announced acquisition of Asco, and customer adherence to their announced schedules; 10) our ability to successfully negotiate, or re-negotiate, future pricing under our supply agreements with Boeing and our other customers; 11) our ability to enter into profitable supply arrangements with additional customers; 12) the ability of all parties to satisfy their performance requirements under existing supply contracts with our two major customers, Boeing and Airbus, and other customers, and the risk of nonpayment by such customers; 13) any adverse impact on Boeing's and Airbus» production of aircraft resulting from cancellations, deferrals, or reduced orders by their customers or from labor disputes, domestic or international hostilities, or acts of terrorism; 14) any adverse impact on the demand for air travel or our operations from the outbreak of diseases or epidemic or pandemic outbreaks; 15) our ability to avoid or recover from cyber-based or other security attacks, information technology failures, or other disruptions; 16) returns on pension plan assets and the impact of future discount rate changes on pension obligations; 17) our ability to borrow additional funds or refinance debt, including our ability to obtain the debt to finance the purchase price for our announced acquisition of Asco on favorable terms or at all; 18) competition from commercial aerospace original equipment manufacturers and other aerostructures suppliers; 19) the effect of governmental laws, such as U.S. export control laws and U.S. and foreign anti-bribery laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the United Kingdom Bribery Act, and environmental laws and agency regulations, both in the U.S. and abroad; 20) the effect of changes in tax law, such as the effect of The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the «TCJA») that was enacted on December 22, 2017, and changes to the interpretations of or guidance related thereto, and the Company's ability to accurately calculate and estimate the effect of such changes; 21) any reduction in our credit ratings; 22) our dependence on our suppliers, as well as the cost and availability of raw materials and purchased components; 23) our ability to recruit and retain a critical mass of highly - skilled employees and our relationships with the unions representing many of our employees; 24) spending by the U.S. and other governments on defense; 25) the possibility that our cash flows and our credit facility may not be adequate for our additional capital needs or for payment of interest on, and principal of, our indebtedness; 26) our exposure under our revolving credit facility to higher interest payments should interest rates increase substantially; 27) the effectiveness of any interest rate hedging programs; 28) the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting; 29) the outcome or impact of ongoing or future litigation, claims, and regulatory actions; 30) exposure to potential product liability and warranty claims; 31) our ability to effectively assess, manage and integrate acquisitions that we pursue, including our ability to successfully integrate the Asco business and generate synergies and other cost savings; 32) our ability to consummate our announced acquisition of Asco in a timely matter while avoiding any unexpected costs, charges, expenses, adverse changes to business relationships and other business disruptions for ourselves and Asco as a result of the acquisition; 33) our ability to continue selling certain receivables through our supplier financing program; 34) the risks of doing business internationally, including fluctuations in foreign current exchange rates, impositions of tariffs or embargoes, compliance with foreign laws, and domestic and foreign government policies; and 35) our ability to complete the proposed accelerated stock repurchase plan, among other things.

It is true that predicting effects on market premiums is hard — but the 10 percent estimate by CBO is as likely to be low as it is to be high.

Likewise, recent estimates by the Tax Policy Center and the Penn Wharton Budget Model show that dynamic effects would marginally reduce the revenue loss in the first decade but significantly increase it over the long run because of the economic consequences of higher debt.

Much of the recent strength has come from a steep rise estimated for «other resource» prices, as sharply higher contract prices for iron ore and coal began to take effect from 1 April, and to a lesser extent, from rising base metals prices.

One of the most important intellectual and practical problems of our time is the maintenance of this high estimate of the worth and greatness of human life against the devastating effects of a materialistic philosophy.

Whereas estimates from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey and Living Costs and Food Survey are broadly comparable (123 mL / adult / day versus 168 mL / person / day), the British Soft Drinks Association's figures are threefold to fourfold higher.48 61 The level and pattern of consumption will determine the magnitude of the public health effects of a sugar sweetened drinks tax, as well as its effect on health inequalities.

In terms of own price elasticity values, a recent meta - analysis estimated an average own price effect for carbonated sugar sweetened drinks (a near equivalent of the category non-concentrated sugar sweetened drinks, which predominantly includes carbonated drinks) of − 0.93, larger than our value of − 0.81.51 Our estimated value is also at the lower end of the range of own price elasticities frequently cited for sugar sweetened drinks of − 0.8 to − 1.0, based on one large review.52 Our own price estimate is comparable to experimental data (a 25 % reduction for a 35 % price rise) in a canteen study.53 However, all these estimates may be influenced by US studies in which higher estimates may reflect higher levels of consumption.

The lower levels of baseline sugar sweetened drink consumption in the UK compared with the US may in part explain why the effect on obesity that we estimate in the UK is much less than that estimated in the US.12 The differences with respect to other modelling studies may also be partly explained by their use of higher own price elasticity values for sugar sweetened drinks than we have calculated and used here.18 22 52 We can not make direct comparisons between the results of our study and the results of recent studies of the effect of reducing sugar sweetened drink consumption on body weight in children, 5 7 as the relation between energy balance and change in body mass index in children who are growing is different from that in adults.

Our thought is that, because of a result of nondifferential misclassification, which, as we stated earlier, is inherent in many of the studies reviewed, the actual effect of breastfeeding is higher than the one estimated here.

[4] Mass estimates for planets observed using the radial velocity method are lower estimates: if the planet's orbit is highly inclined it could have a higher mass and create the same observed effects.

In his new paper, Lovejoy applies the same approach to the 15 - year period after 1998, during which globally averaged temperatures remained high by historical standards, but were somewhat below most predictions generated by the complex computer models used by scientists to estimate the effects of greenhouse - gas emissions.

Its method assumes that estimating the carbon drawdown gives a reasonable estimate of the overall effect on temperatures, and treats low and high - latitude forests equally.

The study applied «medium to high» future emissions estimates of heat - trapping gases, as assumed by the California state government, to models designed to assess what effect climate change would have on national parks like Yosemite, Death Valley, Redwood, Joshua Tree and Sequoia.

The researchers note that the most likely response from industry will involve a combination of the approaches outlined in the study, and although there is a high level of uncertainty in the estimates, the findings provide much needed evidence on the relative effects of different industry responses, and the possible magnitude of health outcomes.

Chernobyl was directly responsible for at least 56 deaths and as many as 4,000 more, according to the World Health Organization, though other estimates vary, and spread radioactive material as far as the U.K. Three Mile Island has never been conclusively linked to any deaths or health effects, though some individuals may have received radiation doses of as high as 100 millirems.

Although Olshansky stresses that the estimate is «a first - pass approximation,» he believes the effect is large enough to demonstrate «that trends in obesity in younger ages will lead to significantly higher rates of mortality in the future — we will lose 2 to 5 or more years [of life expectancy] in the coming decades» if the obesity epidemic continues unchecked.

Prespecified secondary outcomes: diagnostic cancer stage and Gleason grade (range, 2 - 10; higher scores indicate a poorer prognosis) of prostate cancers identified, all - cause mortality, and an instrumental variable analysis estimating the causal effect of attending the PSA screening clinic.

According to one study that looked at eight fuel aridity metrics in the Western U.S. and modeled climate change's effects on them, human - caused climate change accounted for about 55 percent of the observed increases in fuel aridity between 1979 and 2015 (Figure 6), and added an estimated 4.2 million hectares of forest fire area between 1984 and 2015.7 Based on all eight metrics, the Western U.S. experienced an average of 9 additional days per year of high fire potential due to climate change between 2000 and 2015, a 50 percent increase from the baseline of 17 days per year when looking back to 1979.

If deforestation is higher than the estimate used in this paper, then the relative effect of drought - induced fire would not be as large as stated here, and the decoupling of fire incidence from deforestation rates would not be as significant.»

To provide guidance for future high - resolution simulations, Dai et al. used a computationally cheaper, two - dimensional chemical transport model to systematically estimate the effects of injecting sulfur dioxide and sulfate aerosols at a range of altitudes, latitudes, and time frames for 62 separate scenarios.

It is also providing direct, controlled, high - resolution measurements of individual reactions to sound, including military sonar systems, to better estimate risk and minimize effects of mid-frequency sonar systems.

If those without phone service have a higher prevalence of obesity and are likely to live in areas where minorities predominate, and thus advertisements are prevalent, our effect estimates are likely to be biased towards the null hypothesis.

In high - poverty schools, we estimate that the overall effect of all teacher turnover on student achievement is 0.08 of a standard deviation in math and 0.05 of a standard deviation in reading.

On one hand, the higher rates of preschool participation among children today suggest that any positive long - term effects of extending universal public schooling to four - year - olds may be even smaller than those estimated here for kindergarten.

What could account for the differences in the estimated effects of SAT performance and the high - school dropout rates?

Based on a back - of - the - envelope calculation of the relationship between enrollment and criminal activity in my sample, I estimate that the effects of winning a school lottery on enrollment could potentially explain about 45 percent of the impact on criminal activity in the high school sample, but only about 10 percent in the middle school sample.

Estimates of teacher effects on achievement gains are similar in magnitude to those of previous econometric studies, but the authors found larger effects on mathematics achievement than on reading achievement, and in low socioeconomic status (SES) schools than in high SES schools.

We found that although Florida's conversion charters have significantly greater effects on high school graduation than do de novo charters, the impact of non-conversion charters is still sizable (nearly equal to the estimate in Chicago).

In Florida, grade configuration is not a primary driver of the estimated positive effects of charter high schools on attainment.

Meanwhile, estimates of the effect of attending a charter high school on college enrollment are even larger using the restricted sample than with the original sample that includes schools offering both 8th and 9th grade.

In this study we use data from Chicago and Florida to estimate the effects of attending a charter high school on the likelihood that a student will complete high school and attend college.

Taking into account the higher rates of student turnover in charter schools reduces the magnitude of the estimated negative effect of charter schools by 29 percent in reading and by 30 percent in math.

During this period, the Ypsilanti (Michigan) Preschool Demonstration Project was distinctive in using a randomized trial to estimate the High / Scope program's effect on children's achievement.

We chose first to compare our results with those reported by Princeton economist Alan Krueger in his reanalysis of the Project STAR data from Tennessee, which produced some of the highest estimates of class - size effects among credible studies.

In addition to our main experiment testing the ECO-C Intervention's effects on our target group of high - achieving, low - income students, we also used the same approach to study its effects on students who meet the same test - score criteria but who have estimated family income above the bottom one - third or attended a feeder high school.

Data from the tracking schools allow us to estimate the effect of being taught with a higher - achieving vs. lower - achieving peer group by comparing students with baseline test scores in the middle of the distribution.

Figure 1 compares the magnitude of the effect of instructional days on standardized math scores to estimates drawn from other high - quality studies of the impact of changing class size, teacher quality, and retaining students in grade.

One analysis by Eric Eide and Nick Ronan uses an instrumental variable approach to estimate the effect of participating in high school sports on long - term outcomes, like educational attainment and earnings.

By comparing pairs of students right around the cutoff, we can estimate the effect of being the lowest - achieving child in the class compared to being the highest - achieving student in the class.

By this metric, our estimate of the effect of a 10 - percentagepoint increase in private school enrollment is equivalent to 41 percent of a year's worth of learning in high school.

There is no clear evidence of graduation or repetition effects, but these estimates are limited to one year's follow - up data for a single high school cohort.

It's noteworthy, however, that the observational estimates of pilot high school treatment effects are larger for schools used in the lottery study than for other pilot schools.

To estimate the effects of states» adoption and implementation of college - and career - readiness standards and aligned assessments on student outcomes, C - SAIL is analyzing National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) data, high school graduation rates, and college enrollment rates in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

The high school estimates are also a good match: compare, for example, ELA effects of about 0.26 σ using both designs.

Finally, to estimate the effect of entering high school in grade 9, we examine students enrolled in grade 6 between 2001 and 2005 who were tested in both math and reading in the following four years.

Comparing Noble high schools only to other charter schools and adjusting for other differences in students» background produces an estimated Noble effect of 13 percentage points on college enrollment — a large, significant difference.

Models of student achievement in a given year as a function of prior achievement and other controls tend to give higher correlations than other models, see: Daniel F. McCaffrey, Tim R. Sass, J. R. Lockwood, and Kata Mihaly, «The intertemporal variability of teacher effect estimates,» Education Finance and Policy, 4, no. 4, (2009): 572 - 606.