Our results imply that the genomes of haplodiploid and of diploid
higher eukaryotes do not differ systematically in their recombination rates and associated parameters.
However, sexual reproduction in
higher eukaryotes is more complex than meiosis alone, and has evolved independently in plants and animals.
As this method is efficacious in biological materials for which genetic operation was difficult, it has been used mainly for
higher eukaryotes such as animals and plants.