In ventral striatum, these decreases were associated with negative emotionality and with marijuana craving such that the lower the response,
the higher the negative emotionality and the craving.
Not exact matches
Since children who have
high levels of
negative emotionality or self - regulatory problems present greater challenges to parents than other children, it may be especially difficult to provide optimal care for them.
Studies showing the influence of child temperament upon parenting suggest that children who have
high levels of
negative emotionality or self - regulatory difficulties are more difficult to parent than other children.
In ventral striatum (key brain reward region), MP - induced reductions in DVs and BPND (reflecting DA increases) were inversely correlated with scores of
negative emotionality, which were significantly
higher for marijuana abusers than controls.
Marijuana abusers showed lower scores on positive
emotionality and
higher scores on
negative emotionality than controls, consistent, on the one hand, with lower reward sensitivity and motivation and, on the other hand, with increased stress reactivity and irritability.
However, the groups differed significantly in personality measures; marijuana abusers had significantly lower scores in positive
emotionality (P = 0.05) and
higher scores in
negative emotionality (P = 0.002) than controls (Table 1).
Correlation analysis between scores in
negative emotionality and history of marijuana abuse showed a
negative correlation between age of initiation of marijuana abuse and
negative emotionality scores (r = 0.58, P = 0.003) such that the younger the initiation, the
higher the scores.
We predicted that MP's behavioral effects in marijuana abusers would be attenuated, consistent with preclinical findings (30), and that decreased DA reactivity in ventral striatum would be associated with
higher scores in
negative emotionality (neuroticism), which mediates genetic risk for marijuana dependence (31), and with addiction severity.
Since children who have
high levels of
negative emotionality or self - regulatory problems present greater challenges to parents than other children, it may be especially difficult to provide optimal care for them.
With contradictions possibly related to child age, some studies suggest that child
negative emotionality elicits more parental warmth, 10 whereas other studies suggest it has mixed associations with parental warmth.11 However, there is more consistent evidence that
high levels of parental sensitivity / responsivity lead to less child
negative reactivity.8, 12 There is also some evidence that child
negative emotionality predicts more
negative parental control, 7 and a little evidence that
negative parental control predicts more
negative emotionality.13 In terms of more specific aspects of
negative emotionality, child fearfulness predicts more parental warmth and more positive control.14 Similarly, low levels of parental warmth predict increases in fearfulness.12
Studies showing the influence of child temperament upon parenting suggest that children who have
high levels of
negative emotionality or self - regulatory difficulties are more difficult to parent than other children.
That is, parent - rated
negative emotionality in preschoolers was associated with lower observed and self - reported supportive coparenting only in families reporting
higher levels of postnatal marital adjustment.
Moreover, Gartstein et al. (2012), in a longitudinal study that covered early childhood (from infancy till preschool period), found that
higher levels of both surgency and
negative emotionality predicted preschoolers»
higher levels of externalizing problems, while
higher levels of effortful control were linked to lower levels of externalizing difficulties.
For the potential moderator effects between
negative affectivity and effortful control on ODD problems, we predicted that
high levels of
negative emotionality and low levels of effortful control would be linked to ODD - related problems.
First, while controlling for several affective confounds on crying tendency makes interpretations in which crying results from greater
negative emotionality less likely, it may be that the greater crying among persons
high in DO reflects their specific emotional profile.
These findings are worrisome, since research has shown that children of mothers with depressive symptoms are at a
higher risk for poor psychosocial development, such as low self - esteem,
negative attribution styles, heightened
emotionality, and
negative affect.