Surface specific humidity has generally increased after 1976 in close association with
higher temperatures over both land and ocean.
Record
high temperatures over land surfaces were measured across Far East Russia, Alaska, far western Canada, a swath of the eastern United States, much of Central America and northern South America, southern Chile, much of eastern and western Africa, north central Siberia, parts of south Asia, much of southeast Asia island nations and Papua New Guinea, and parts of Australia, especially along the northern and eastern coasts.
The very strong correlation between observed dryness and
high temperatures over land in the tropics during summer highlights the important role moisture plays in moderating climate.
«The implication of our study is that elevated CO2 is sufficient to lead to inhospitable conditions for marine life and excessively
high temperatures over land would contribute to the demise of terrestrial life,» the authors concluded in the article.
Not exact matches
When traveling
over colder water, and
land especially, the storm loses most of the energy that it gains from the
high temperatures.
They include
higher sea surface
temperatures over the Indian Ocean, which can lead to greater rainfall
over the sea rather than on
land.
Land and Ocean Combined: The combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces for August 2014 was the record highest for the month, at 61.45 °F (16.35 °C), or 1.35 °F (0.75 °C) above the 20th century average of 60.1 °F (15.6
Land and Ocean Combined: The combined average
temperature over global
land and ocean surfaces for August 2014 was the record highest for the month, at 61.45 °F (16.35 °C), or 1.35 °F (0.75 °C) above the 20th century average of 60.1 °F (15.6
land and ocean surfaces for August 2014 was the record
highest for the month, at 61.45 °F (16.35 °C), or 1.35 °F (0.75 °C) above the 20th century average of 60.1 °F (15.6 °C).
The global average
temperature over land and ocean surfaces for January to October 2014 was the
highest on record, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
According to NOAA scientists, the globally averaged
temperature over land and ocean surfaces for August 2014 was the
highest for August since record keeping began in 1880.
Pielke, who said one issue ignored in the paper is that
land surface
temperature measurements
over time show bigger warming trends than measurements from
higher up in a part of the atmosphere called the lower troposphere, and that still needs more explanation.
The
high October
temperature was driven by warmth across the globe
over both the
land and ocean surfaces and was fairly evenly distributed between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
The Nature article comes as climate scientists published what they said today was the «best ever» collection of evidence for global warming, including
temperature over land, at sea and in the
higher atmosphere, along with records of humidity, sea - level rise, and melting ice.
The former is likely to overestimate the true global surface air
temperature trend (since the oceans do not warm as fast as the
land), while the latter may underestimate the true trend, since the air
temperature over the ocean is predicted to rise at a slightly
higher rate than the ocean
temperature.
The globally averaged
temperature over land and ocean surfaces for February 2017 was the second
highest for the month.
The globally averaged
temperature over land and ocean surfaces for March 2017 was the second
highest for the month.
With
higher precipitation, portions of this snow may not melt during the summer and so glacial ice can form at lower altitudes and more southerly latitudes, reducing the
temperatures over land by increased albedo as noted above.
The globally averaged
temperature over land and ocean surfaces for 2015 was the
highest among all years since record keeping began in 1880.
«The combined average
temperature over global
land and ocean surfaces tied with 2010 as the
highest on record for April, at 58.09 °F (14.47 °C) or 1.39 °F (0.77 °C) above the 20th century average.»
Thus, small changes of global average air
temperature are associated with very large changes in some regions, particularly
over land, at mid - to
high latitudes, in mountain regions.
The former is likely to overestimate the true global surface air
temperature trend (since the oceans do not warm as fast as the
land), while the latter may underestimate the true trend, since the air
temperature over the ocean is predicted to rise at a slightly
higher rate than the ocean
temperature.
In the summer months,
land temperatures are
higher than sea
temperatures and the heaviest showers occur
over eastern England.
The combined average
temperature over global
land and ocean surfaces for April 2016 was 1.98 °F above the 20th century average — the
highest temperature departure for April since global records began in 1880.
Overall of course, we do see
higher temperature anomalies
over land on a historical basis, owing to the huge modulation role that the ocean plays in the storage of excess energy and the
higher humidity levels
over the ocean.
According to NOAA's 2016 Arctic Report Card, the average annual surface air
temperature anomaly (+3.6 °F / 2.0 °C relative to the 1981 - 2010 baseline)
over land north of 60 ° N between October 2015 and September 2016 was by far the
highest in the observational record beginning in 1900.
95 % confidence that 50 % of the warming since 1951 is due to some form of human activity is not likely to be falsified using «Global» surface
temperature since about 30 % of the warming is
over land and GISS interprets
high latitude and
higher altitude warming as «surface» warming.
One reason for this is that «global
temperature» varies significantly
over the months of the year due to seasonally varying Earth / sun geometry and the greater
land mass in the Northern Hemisphere, so that any global average of absolute
temperature, not anomalies, will be considerably
higher in NH summer than SH summer, and this will be true even in an unchanging climate.
The globally averaged
temperature over land and ocean surfaces for 2017 was the third
highest since record keeping began in 1880, according to NOAA scientists.
The globally averaged
temperature over land and ocean surfaces for 2016 was the
highest among all years since record keeping began in 1880.
«The combined average
temperature over global
land and ocean surfaces for July 2015 was the
highest for July in the 136 - year period of record, at 0.81 °C (1.46 °F) above the 20th century average of 15.8 °C (60.4 °F), surpassing the previous record set in 1998 by 0.08 °C (0.14 °F).»
It is that the actual real rise in inducted
Land surface KE, as is the total KE «systemic additions» actually made
over the past 400 years, are much
higher than is noted by simple measure of
temperature (in the cumulative manner these additions are really produced).
«In our mor recent global model simulations the ocean heat - uptake is slower than previously estimated, the ocean uptake of carbon is weaker, feedbacks from the
land system as
temperature rises are stronger, cumulative emissions of greenhouse gases
over the century are
higher, and offsetting cooling from aerosol emissions is lower.
Along with increasing
temperatures over all regions of the U.S., the pattern of precipitation change is one of general increases at
higher northern latitudes and drying in the tropics and subtropics
over land.
Analyzes LST from the thermal band of a Landsat image and produce a
high - resolution surface
temperature map (30 m) for the lowlands of the Jambi province in Sumatra (Indonesia), a region which suffered large
land transformation towards oil palm and other cash crops
over the past decades
The average
temperature over land and ocean combined in May 2014 was 1.33 degrees Fahrenheit (0.74 degrees Celsius)
higher than the 20th century average of 58.6 °F (14.8 °C)
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«The combined average
temperature over global
land and ocean surfaces for August 2014 was record
high for the month, at 0.75 C (1.35 F) above the 20th century average of 15.6 C (60.1 F) topping the previous record set in 1998».
No such complete meta - data are available, so in this analysis the same value for urbanisation uncertainty is used as in the previous analysis [Folland et al., GRL 2001]; that is, a 1 sigma value of 0.0055 deg C / decade, starting in 1900... The same value is used
over the whole
land surface, and it is one - sided: recent
temperatures may be too
high due to urbanisation, but they will not be too low.
Projected changes for the 21st century
over land and in mid and
high latitudes will be larger than the projected change in the global average
temperature, so again, past experience will provide little guidance for the future.
Land use changes as well as deterioration of urban siting versus NOAA standards [http://www.surfacestations.org/] have resulted in a bias toward
over - reporting / erroneous reporting of
high temperature records and an under - reporting of low
temperature records.»
Surface air
temperatures for the four individual seasons of 2017 were also
higher than the averages for 1981 - 2010
over many areas of
land and ocean.
NOAA: «The globally averaged
temperature over land and ocean surfaces for September 2017 was the fourth
highest for the month of September in the NOAA global
temperature dataset record, which dates back 138 years to 1880.
My problem is that whilst the surface
temperature over land changes considerably between day and night the
temperature I would have thought that at
higher altitudes it would be more constant.
Frank showed that ground based and satellite based
temperatures over sea are very similar, while ground based measurements have a significantly
higher trend
over land.