Understand where the current U.S. equity markets are in relationship to
their historical valuation measures.
All
the historical valuation measures of stocks and markets point to them being fully valued, and that doesn't mean they're overvalued or anywhere near bubble territory.
Not exact matches
Our long - term forecasts are based on our assessment of current
valuation measures, economic growth and inflation prospects, as well as
historical risk premiums.
The problem is when investors adopt theories and models that embed the most optimistic assumptions possible, run contrary to
historical evidence, or embed subtle peculiarities that actually drive the results (see, for example, the «novel
valuation measures» section of The Diva is Already Singing).
While a number of simple
measures of
valuation have also been useful over the years, even metrics such as price - to - peak earnings have been skewed by the unusual profit margins we observed at the 2007 peak, which were about 50 % above the
historical norm - reflecting the combination of booming and highly leveraged financial sector profits as well as wide margins in cyclical and commodity - oriented industries.
At the surface, when we look at
valuation measures and other fundamentals and compare them to
historical precedents, there is a case to be made that stocks (in particular in the US) are above fair value, if not rich.
In any event, the problem for investors is that whatever increment we could possibly observe in GDP growth pales in comparison to the fact that the most historically reliable market
valuation measures are far more than double their
historical norms.
We've long argued, and continue to assert, that the most historically reliable
measures of market
valuation are far beyond double their
historical norms.
With the most historically reliable
valuation measures about 2.8 times their
historical norms, these extreme starting
valuations are worth considering here.
Even if the growth rates of nominal GDP and U.S. corporate revenues (including foreign revenues) over the coming 20 years match their 4 % growth rate of the past 20 years, and even if the most reliable
valuation measures merely touch their
historical norms 20 years from today, the S&P 500 Index two decades from now will trade more than 20 % lower than where it trades today.
This does not, for even a moment, change the fact that the most reliable
measures of
valuation are now an average of 3.0 times their
historical norms.
While we prefer to compare market capitalization with corporate gross value added, including estimated foreign revenues, the following chart provides a longer
historical perspective of where reliable
valuation measures stand at present.
At present, we continue to identify one of the most hostile market environments we've observed in a century of
historical data, not only because obscene
valuations and extreme «overvalued, overbought, overbullish» syndromes are in place, but also because our
measures of market internals remain in a deteriorating condition.
On the basis of the most reliable
valuation measures we identify (those most tightly correlated with actual subsequent 10 - 12 year S&P 500 total returns), current market
valuations stand about 140 - 165 % above
historical norms.
Indeed, if improvement in market internals is joined by a material retreat in
valuations, we would expect to shift to a constructive or aggressive outlook (even if
valuation measures were still well - above
historical norms).
Last week, the most historically reliable equity
valuation measures we identify (having correlations of over 90 % with actual subsequent 10 - 12 year S&P 500 total returns) advanced to more than double their reliable
historical norms.
As I've noted in recent weeks (see in particular the March 27 comment, my assertion that stocks are about double their normal
historical valuations also applies to earnings - based
measures like P / E ratios.
The
measures of
valuation and market action that define each «Market Climate» are factors that can be tested in decades of
historical data, are objective, observable, and have strongly affected the average profile of return and risk in the markets over time.
Based on other reliable
measures for which
historical data is available, present market
valuations also exceed those observed at the 1929 peak.
After thinking about these ideas, I went to the internet and began searching for a way to
measure relative
valuations and get some
historical context.
That outcome would not even take our most reliable
valuation measures below
historical norms that they've approached or breached by the end of every market cycle in history.
To avoid overpaying for trending companies, stocks must be trading near or below their 10Y
historical median
valuations (
measured here by Price to Sales, Price to Earnings, and Price to Book).
In contrast, the aggregate
measure indicates that profitability is trading very near its
historical norms of relative
valuation, perhaps explained by low P / B value stocks having far less profitability than they have historically.
Almost all of the factors and smart beta strategies exhibit a negative relationship between starting
valuation and subsequent performance whether we use the aggregate
measure or P / B to define relative
valuation.9 Out of 192 tests shown here, not a single test has the «wrong» sign: in every case, the cheaper the factor or strategy gets, relative to its
historical average, the more likely it is to deliver positive performance.10 For most factors and strategies (two - thirds of the 192 tests) the relationship holds with statistical significance for horizons ranging from one month to five years and using both
valuation measures (44 % of these results are significant at the 1 % level).
Thank goodness the relationship is weak, as current
valuations for low beta stocks are well into the top decile of
historical experience regardless of the
valuation measure used.
Value (using both forms, B / P and blended) falls in the bottom quintile of its
historical valuation in both international and emerging markets; of 12 comparisons (U.S., international, and emerging markets, constructed using both B / P and the blended
valuation, and with relative
valuation measured versus both P / B and the aggregate
measure), 11 suggest value is trading cheap, with 5 in the bottom decile of the
historical valuation range.
In the process of scanning the investment landscape to find value amidst the all time highs for the indices, I've noticed that a number of big cap tech stocks are priced at low
valuations relative to their earnings and free cash flow,
measured on an absolute basis and relative to their own
historical valuations.
For instance, the blue dot on the value factor scatterplot suggests that prior to March 2016 the
valuation level of 0.14 — meaning the value portfolio was 14 % as expensive as the growth portfolio
measured by price - to - book ratio, and lower than the
historical norm of 21 % relative
valuation — would have delivered an average annualized alpha of 8.1 % over the next five years.
This is where the market's current
valuation provides significant insight, particularly when those
valuation measures reach
historical extremes.
As of last week, the Market Climate for stocks was characterized by reasonable
valuations - moderate undervaluation on earnings - based
measures that assume a reversion to above - average profit margins in the future, but continued overvaluation on
measures that do not rely on future profit margins being above
historical norms.