When a new disease like SARS threatens to become pandemic, it becomes obvious why we need experts who can track the source of the disease not just to bats in general but to
Chinese horseshoe bats of the genus Rhinolophus.
The frequency
of horseshoe bat calls appears to be a driving force in their evolution.
It shares 95 percent of its genetic code with another coronavirus, HKU2, detected
in horseshoe bats in 2007.
A newly identified coronavirus that killed nearly 25,000 piglets in 2016 - 17 in China emerged
from horseshoe bats near the origin of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS - CoV), which emerged in 2002 in the same bat species.
Since then, evidence has been building implicating species of
horseshoe bats as the origin (SN: 11/30/13, p. 13).
All of the ingredients needed to create a new SARS virus are found among viruses currently
infecting horseshoe bats, researchers report November 30 in PLOS Pathogens.
The Mehely's
horseshoe bat earns its name for the horseshoe - shaped fold of skin that forms part of the bat's distinct noseleaf.
While trapping bats on Sulawesi, Indonesia, Tigga Kingston of Boston University in Massachusetts and Stephen Rossiter of the University of London, U.K., noticed that large -
eared horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus philippinensis) came in three sizes.
A series of genetic experiments described in the same paper implies that the same process has happened in
Australian horseshoe bats.
Two
different horseshoe bat populations were found to have risen 32 % and 41 % respectively over the past 10 years and overall nearly half of the surveyed species were stable or increasing in population.
GOING VIRAL Genetic studies of viruses
from horseshoe bats (shown) in one cave in China suggest the animals are reservoirs of SARS coronaviruses.
«The
lesser horseshoe bat is almost gone, mostly due to loss of habitat,» says Fairon, although it was the most common species 30 years ago.
After five years of surveying bats in a cave in southern China's Yunnan Province, Zhengli Shi and colleagues discovered 11 new strains of SARS - related viruses
in horseshoe bats (especially in Rhinolophus sinicus).
The SARS virus, for instance, originated in
Chinese horseshoe bats, but once it ended up in humans, it had changed so much that scientists were unable to infect bat cells with it.
The culprit in that outbreak was the Chinese
horseshoe bat, which was stored in cages next to other species for sale.
The Willard's
horseshoe bat, a newly described species from eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and another species predicted to possibly go extinct due to climate change in the future.
Peuchmaille et al. now report that sexual selection shapes the calls of Meheley's
horseshoe bats.
That suggests that the bats can no longer hear members of the other groups:
Horseshoe bats» hearing is fine - tuned to detect the frequency of their own calls (the better to detect telltale insect echoes), and the ears filter out most other pitches.
Scientists searched for the cause of a virus that was killing piglets in China and found that the source was
horseshoe bats.