"Hostile sexism" refers to a negative and disrespectful attitude or behavior towards people based on their gender, particularly towards women. It involves beliefs, actions, or comments that diminish, belittle, or discriminate against individuals simply because they are female.
Full definition
Controlling for the effects of age, relationship experience predicted increased
hostile sexism in girls and increased benevolent sexism in boys.
Overall, these results supported Hypothesis 1a regarding the role of hostility toward men in maternal gatekeeping, and provided somewhat weaker support for Hypothesis 1b regarding the role
of hostile sexism toward women.
In study 3, also conducted with U.S. undergraduates, the researchers examined
whether hostile sexism, or an antagonistic attitude toward women, helps to explain individual differences in participants» responses to questions of power in a fictional marriage.
Additionally, younger boys (12 — 14 years) with greater relationship experience tended to
endorse hostile sexism more strongly.
Specifically,
hostile sexism predicted respondents» negative judgments of a married mother who was the main breadwinner for her family, and benevolent attitudes toward men predicted respondents» negative judgments of a primary caregiving father.
Unexpectedly,
hostile sexism only mediated between the masculinity personality trait and benevolent sexism.
Perhaps since romantic relationships involve intimacy and affection, the participants who score highly on
hostile sexism measures only believe in behaving in a benevolent way to gain dominance in romantic relationships.
Hostile sexism toward men was a strong and significant predictor in these regression analyses: The more the mother endorsed hostile sexist attitudes toward men, the more she sought to maintain responsibility for family work and believed in distinct gendered family roles.
«We know from prior research that people high in
hostile sexism respond negatively to women who violate traditional gender roles,» says Robnett.
In general, entitled men were more prone to
exhibiting hostile sexism, indicating that they viewed women as manipulative and demanding.
Further, men in the community sample (but not the college sample) who reported higher levels of
hostile sexism also indicated that they were more likely to use assertive mating strategies.
Benevolent but
not hostile sexism uniquely predicted more negative views of women who engage in premarital sex once other variables were controlled.
In a cross-cultural study, Glick et al. (2000) showed that while women generally tend to
reject hostile sexism, they tend to endorse benevolent sexism to the same or a greater extent than men.
Therefore, participants might endorse benevolent sexism on the surface but at a deeper level agree
with hostile sexism and in turn male dominance.
The result is surprising
because hostile sexism was found to be associated with negative feminine and masculine traits for women, and benevolent sexism was found to be associated with positive masculine and feminine traits for women (Glick & Fiske, 1996).
Hostile sexism involves negative affect, such as antipathy and anger, and benevolent sexism involves positive feelings, such as affection and caring.
Benevolent sexism also mediated the relationship
between hostile sexism and male dominance, which is an unexpected finding.
Consistent findings in both groups showed that entitlement related to benevolent sexism in women and
hostile sexism in men.
Consequently, future studies should be conducted in more traditional sectors to see
whether hostile sexism is more or less prevalent in general romantic relationships.
Hart's study found that anxiously attached men tend to be ambivalent sexists — both hostile and benevolent — whereas avoidantly attached men typically
endorse hostile sexism, while rejecting benevolent sexism.
Looking forward, Grubbs said the researchers still have questions that need answers: Is it possible that entitlement could ultimately lead to
hostile sexism in women?
There were also relationships, to smaller degrees, in the relationships between entitlement and
hostile sexism in women and benevolent sexism in men.
«When you consider that entitlement has been shown to be rising across recent generations, linking it to sexist attitudes is particularly alarming,» Grubbs said, «recent events certainly highlight how dangerous entitlement and
hostile sexism can be in men.
Hostile sexism was associated with sexual risk taking indirectly, through temptation for unsafe sex.
Studies 1 (N = 62) and 2 (N = 100) show, with slightly different paradigms and measures, that compared to exposure to
hostile sexism, exposure to benevolent sexism increases the extent to which female Dutch college students define themselves in relational terms and decreases the extent to which they emphasize their task - related characteristics.
Men used assertive strategies if they believed women are inferior (i.e.,
hostile sexism), or when they easily distinguish between sex and love (i.e., high sociosexuality).
There's the obvious form of sexism, «
hostile sexism», as they describe.
Benevolent and
hostile sexism and preferences for romantic partners.
Results indicate that benevolent sexism mediates the relationship between
hostile sexism and male dominance.
The link between
hostile sexism and benevolent sexism is clear, as indicated above.
Hostile sexism was mediated only between the masculine personality trait and benevolent sexism.
Note: Items 1 — 10 measure
Hostile Sexism.
The ASI consisted of two sub-scales:
hostile sexism (HS) which assesses sexist antipathy toward women (e.g., «Feminists are seeking for women to have more power than men») and benevolent sexism (BS) which assesses subjectively positive but patronizing attitudes toward women (e.g., «Many women have a quality of purity that few men possess»).