Sentences with phrase «how allele frequencies»

The other examined how allele frequencies can change within a lifetime.

Not exact matches

Because alleles carry neighboring DNA with them as they circulate, the number of singletons on nearby DNA can be used as a rough molecular clock, indicating how quickly that allele has changed in frequency.

Our approach differs from that adopted by Charlesworth [61], [62], who developed mathematical models to formalize the mutation accumulation hypothesis [63] that, together with the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis [3], [64], may be used to show how senescence can evolve by the accumulation of deleterious alleles through mutation - selection balance at frequencies that increase with their age of onset; such mutations enhance reproductive performance early in life but diminish survival late in life through physiological trade - offs.

Yet each one tells a different story: (a), how novel - to - dbSNP variants were rare; (b), how nonsynonymous variant frequencies are shifted to lower values relative to those of synonymous variants, (c), how this shift in allele frequencies is more pronounced for damaging nsSNPs, consistent with natural selection, and (d), how the sizes of observed indels are enriched for non-frameshift events divisible by 3.

By analyzing imputed data for a large number of human traits, we empirically derive a model that more accurately describes how heritability varies with minor allele frequency (MAF), linkage disequilibrium (LD) and genotype certainty.