So these two articles are suggesting that a grand solar minimum could have a net cooling effect in the ballpark of 1 to 6 °C, depending on
how human greenhouse gas emissions change over the next century.
Climate scientists can not predict
how human greenhouse gas emissions will change in the future, which is a question for the public and policymakers.
It looked at
how human greenhouse gas emissions had affected the probability of a devastating heat wave in Europe in the summer of 2003 (estimated to have killed at least 35,000 people.)
Not exact matches
Exxon has argued against all the other shareholder proposals as well, including a «policy to explicitly prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity»; a policy articulating Exxon's «respect for and commitment to the
human right to water»; «a report discussing possible long term risks to the company's finances and operations posed by the environmental, social and economic challenges associated with the oil sands»; a report of «known and potential environmental impacts» and «policy options» to address the impacts of the company's «fracturing operations»; a report of recommendations on
how Exxon can become an «environmentally sustainable energy company»; and adoption of «quantitative goals... for reducing total
greenhouse gas emissions.»
... modalities, rules and guidelines as to
how, and which, additional
human - induced activities related to changes in
greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the agricultural soils and the land - use change and forestry... shall be added or subtracted.
Extreme weather events like Harvey are expected to become more likely as Earth's climate changes due to
greenhouse gas emissions, and scientists don't understand
how extreme weather will impact invasive pests, pollinators and other species that affect
human well - being.
But a story I've just written describes
how scientists probing lakes, ice and old trees from Alaska to Siberia have found out just
how big a poke
humans appear to be giving that system through
emissions of heat - trapping
greenhouse gases (and probably heat - trapping soot, too).
Rather, the IPCC has produced various «
emissions scenarios» that represent estimates of
how greenhouse gas emissions might evolve if
humans follow various paths of economic development and population growth.
Thus a grand solar minimum would have to cause about 1 °C cooling, plus it would have to offset the continued
human - caused global warming between 1 and 5 °C by 2100, depending on
how our
greenhouse gas emissions change over the next century.
A new grand solar minimum would not trigger another LIA; in fact, the maximum 0.3 °C cooling would barely make a dent in the
human - caused global warming over the next century, likely between 1 and 5 °C, depending on
how much we manage to reduce our fossil fuel consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions.
In fact, there is no better way to obtain a good picture of
how human health and welfare may trend in the future under increases in
greenhouse gas emissions than to assess
how we have fared in the past during a period of increasing
greenhouse gas emissions and ambient levels.
And in fact when you look at the scientific literature, it's an interesting disconnect because the modelers who study
emissions and
how to control those
emissions are generally much more comfortable setting goals in terms of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gas concentrations because that comes more or less directly out of their models and is much more proximate or more closely connected to what
humans actually do to screw up the climate in the first place, which is emit these
greenhouse gases.
Over the last 50 years, climate scientists have built an increasingly clear picture of
how the
greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions that arise from
human economic activity are changing the Earth's climate.
There are simply too many unknowns involved in the future evolution of climate, such as
how much
humans will curb their future
greenhouse gas emissions.
So we have a situation in which the latest science on two key issues:
how much the earth will warm as a result of
human greenhouse gas emissions, and
how well climate models perform in projecting the warming, is largely not incorporated into the new IPCC report.
To better assess
how climate change caused by
human greenhouse gas emissions will likely impact wheat, maize and soybean, an international team of scientists now ran an unprecedentedly comprehensive set of computer simulations of US crop yields.
On the vital question of
how to approach climate change, the most influential economist is William Nordhaus whose explicit position is that we should decide to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions only if cost - benefit analysis or an optimisation model concludes that the net benefits to
humans are positive, where the relevant effects are essentially impacts on economic output (Nordhaus and Yang, 1996).
By comparing values of these parameters from the mid-19 century to now, they can estimate
how much the earth warmed in association with
human greenhouse gas emissions.
Beyond the scientific questions — it becomes a question of
how to pragmatically reduce
human pressures on Earth systems — including inter alia —
greenhouse gas emissions.
By then comparing the results of these Industrial and Non-industrial simulated climates, and recording the occurrence of floods like that of Autumn 2000 in each of them, the change in the frequency of occurrence (or «risk») of such a flood was determined, and therefore
how much risk is attributable to
human - induced
emissions of
greenhouse gases over the last century.
People will die», while others scream
how moves to cut
greenhouse gas emissions «devalues
human life» and «kills thousands» in Britain.
RE: The Over-whelming scientific Consensus on man - made CO2 caused Global - warming - 97 % of the climate scientists surveyed believe «global aver temps have increased» during the past century [So do I]-- Your quotes:
How «significant it is that 84 % of climate scientists have reached a «consensus» that «
human - induced warming is occurring» «--RCB- 84 % «personally believe» [implies they may NOT have actually studied this topic — IE: may NOT be experts on this particular matter]
human - induced warming is occurring -LCB--... — «In 1991 only 41 % of climate scientists were very confident that industrial
emissions of
greenhouse gases were responsible for climate disruption.
This project ran two climate model experiments: one, «Historical» included both
human - caused
greenhouse gas emissions and natural
emissions, such as volcanoes; the second, «HistorialNat» included only the natural
emissions, and deliberately left out
human - caused
emissions, to see
how the climate might have changed without them.
I agree with Dr. Judith Curry «we do not know
how much
humans have contributed to the recent observed warming and there is disagreement among scientists as to whether
human - caused
emissions of
greenhouse gases is the dominant cause of recent warming, relative to natural causes.»
Perhaps the most important issue in all this is, as the Royal Society pointed out in their assessment of geoengineering, the first and foremost thing we have to do to stop climate change is radically limit
greenhouse gas emissions resulting from
human activity — stopping burning fossil fuels and stopping deforestation are at the top of list for
how to do that.
So, in order to trigger another LIA, a new grand solar minimum would have to cause about 1 °C cooling, plus it would have to offset the continued
human - caused global warming of 1 to 5 °C by 2100, depending on
how our
greenhouse gas emissions change over the next century.