Reference: Norah M.E. Fogarty et al. «Genome editing of OCT4 reveals distinct mechanisms of lineage specification in
human and mouse embryos.»
UCLA scientists, in collaboration with teams in China, have used the powerful technology of single - cell RNA sequencing to track the genetic development of
a human and a mouse embryo at an unprecedented level of accuracy.
A second study, by a different research group, tracked
human and mouse embryo development from fertilized egg to about six days later, just before the embryo implants in the uterine wall.
Not exact matches
Of course, there is still a long way to go before this particular method will be tested on
humans (it was tested on
mice),
and an even longer way to go before it'll be used in medical therapies (if it ever will translate into therapies), but one thing is becoming clear: We need not compromise our moral principles
and rush into government - funded
embryo - destructive research.
Yet, in
mouse embryos the researchers found that the
human enhancer was active earlier in development
and more active in general than the chimpanzee enhancer.
Duke scientists have shown that it's possible to pick out key changes in the genetic code between chimpanzees
and humans and then visualize their respective contributions to early brain development by using
mouse embryos.
The system is effective in both
mouse and human cells as well as in
mouse embryos.
«This association is important for lung development in
mouse embryos,
and at least for one of these long non-coding RNAs, important for
human lung function.»
This factor is the first lung molecular marker during
mouse and human development
and is essential for lungs to mature properly in an
embryo.
The blue stains in these developing
mice embryos show that the
human DNA inserted into the rodents turns on sooner
and is more widespread (right) than the chimp version of the same DNA, promoting a bigger brain.
Unlike Van Blerkom, who has regular access to
human eggs
and embryos through his IVF - related work, Albertini works primarily with
mouse and primate cells.
The researchers spent nearly a year optimizing techniques in
mouse embryos and human stem cells before conducting
human embryo experiments, Niakan says.
Earlier versions of these «base editors,» which target typos related to the other half of disease - causing genetic spelling errors, have already been used to alter genes in plants, fish,
mice and even
human embryos.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells, harvested from three -
and - a-half-day-old
mouse embryos or five -
and - a-half-day-old
human embryos, are referred to as pluripotent because they can become any of the thousands of cell types in the body.
IN THE BEGINNING Early
embryos (a four - cell
embryo shown) from
mice and humans look the same on the outside, but gene activity studies show some big differences under the hood.
In
human cells, the efficiency of zinc - finger -
and TALE - mediated editing achieve efficiencies of 1 to 50 percent, while CRISPR - Cas9 editing has been reported to have efficiencies of up to 78 percent in single - cell
mouse embryos.
When the
mouse (
and also
human)
embryo enters the uterus, water gets pumped between the cells to form a protective
and nutrition -...
They then inserted the spatially oriented
human stem cells (
human rsPSCs) into specific regions of partially dissected
mouse embryos and cultured them in a dish for 36 hours.
In this image, a novel type of
human stem cell is shown in green integrating
and developing into the surrounding cells of a nonviable
mouse embryo.
Human as well as
mouse preimplantation
embryos are studied to investigate the mechanisms that regulate cell - fate, growth
and differentiation.
The team spent over a year optimising their techniques using
mouse embryos and human embryonic stem cells before starting work on
human embryos.
Izpisua Belmonte
and colleagues published work in the journal Nature last year reporting that they had been able to integrate
human stem cells into early - stage
mouse embryos so that the
human stem cells began the first stages of differentiation — they appeared to begin the process of generating precursors of the body's various tissues
and organs.
Both
human embryonic stem cells (hESC)
and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) can colonize the
mouse embryo in a manner predicted from classical developmental fate mapping
and faithfully recapitulate tissue - specific fate post-transplantation.
Until we can do this routinely in
mice,
and reliably produce cloned
embryos, we shouldn't tackle
human work.»
Taken together, our results, along with the data of other research teams [6], suggest that the well - documented developmental alterations observed in
mice, rat, sheep
and cattle after
embryo IVC manipulation can probably be extended to most eutherian mammals, including
humans.
The ethical minefield created by the possibility of seeding
mouse embryo scaffolds with
human stem cells,
and possibly growing a functional, if mini,
human brain, has been trickier to navigate.
George Q. Daley, a stem cell biologist at Boston Children's Hospital, said Dr. Niakan's study of
human embryos was «critical because we know them to be quite different from
embryos of
mice»
and other mammals studied in laboratories.