The Cook et al study aimed to show the extent of (qualitative and quantitative) agreement with
human causation of warming.
I am intrigued by the argument that historic temperature reconstructions play no part in the proof if
human causation of recent warming.
Most of the issues you mention are secondary to the main points of (former) dispute covered in the post, namely the reality and
human causation of global warming.
Still, they find a strong consensus on
human causation of climate change: 87.4 % of respondents are to some extent convinced that most of recent or near future climate change is, or will be, the result of anthropogenic causes (question v007).
It's now frightening how little climate science is known by both sides of the debate on
human causation of global warming.
If Romney is claiming that there is no evidence of
human causation of warming this is either a lie or reckless disregard for the truth.
Even assuming for the sake of argument that there is more scientific uncertainty about
human causation of warming than that recognized by the mainstream scientific view, as we have explained in Ethicsandclimate.org before in numerous articles (See.
It is not clear from candidate Romney's stated position about
human causation of observable warming whether he is claiming that there is no evidence of human causation or alternatively that there is significant scientific uncertainty about links between human activities and observed warming.
By attacking the level of certainty that people may hold with regard to either the existence of or
human causation of global warming, climate change denial has attractions for those outside the inner circle of beneficiaries from the fossil fuel industry who do not want to reckon with either changes in their own lifestyle or with the increased role of government required by effective climate action.
This question, following up on question one, is designed to expose the fact that there is a strong ethical duty to assume
human causation of climate change if there is reliable evidence of human causation and that those who seek to justify non-action on climate change because they claim that human causation has not been proven have a very strong ethical duty to demonstrate that humans are not causing climate change with high levels of proof.
It is clearly an untruth to assert there is no evidence of
human causation of observable warming even if one believes that human causation is not completely proven.
Whereas belief in
the human causation of global warming is overwhelmingly high among the scientists who specialize in the subject, belief in it decreases among the U.S. public to the extent that a member of the public feels confident that he or she understands it.
Donna Bethell recently complained to the Washington Post about an article that mentioned
human causation of global warming:
However, the strong evidence that supports the climate science and
human causation of climate change doesn't warrant equal weight with minority claims, often disputed by other research, that are not credible, they add.
Not exact matches
The convergence model represents
human communication as a dynamic, cyclical process over time, characterized by (1) mutual
causation rather than one - way mechanistic
causation, and emphasizing (2) the interdependent relationship
of the participants, rather than a bias toward either the gisource» or the «receiver»
of «messages.»
The implication is that all
causation exerted within and by
human beings must finally be reducible (ontologically if not epistemically) to the causal efficacy
of the elementary particles constituting the
human body.
Confusing correlations with
causations represents one
of the most common
human errors
of logic.
All the causality exercised on a present event, therefore, must come from prior events; no present event, including a moment
of human experience, can exert
causation upon itself so as to be (partially) self - determining.
An act
of human perception (in the primary mode) provides an example
of causation which can be generalized to the relations between other actual entities.
Third, efficient
causation dependably passes on novelties introduced so that
human purpose involving vast reaches
of time and space may be expressed.
The coercive power
of efficient
causation is necessary for actualization, provides for dependable generalizations which may guide
human purpose, and furnishes a matrix
of relativity in which the purpose may be expressed.
Human purpose would be futile if efficient
causation did not maintain stable patterns
of predictability in the world.
Final
causation is concerned with one aspect
of the subjective side
of entities, be they
humans or electrons.
While such a goal is the objective
of human communities, are we able to identify an even broader set
of final
causations?
I am not suggesting that Griffin begins with all that he wants to save in the way
of human consciousness, mental
causation, and free agency.
The
causation vs. correlation issue is perhaps a little easier to discuss than big ethical questions that involve changing the germline DNA
of human beings because ethical questions do not usually have a scientific answer, let alone a right answer.
Sama Alshaibi's multi-media artworks disinters negotiations in spaces
of conflict: the
causation and aftermath
of war and exile, the clashes between nation and citizenry, the vexatious dynamics
of humans competing for land, resources and power, and finally, one's own internal battle for control through fear and fearlessness.
How do you separate the effects
of human causation from whatever self - correcting mechanism occurs in nature over time?
3) In order to assert
human causation, I would think the data would have to show that, for example, Rocky Mountain National Park had continued unabated to the present day the cooling trend established from approximately 1750 through 1850, while the Houston Ship Channel area exhibited the warming trend since the onset
of industrial activity.
The detection
of human causation is basically an excercise in explaining the variations we've seen.
-- WUWT, yesterday — to denial
of human causation, to denial
of the potential seriousness
of the issue.
«An additional 6 % answered «I do not believe we know enough to determine the degree
of human causation.
Most climate researchers simply assume recent warming is manmade, but
human causation is only one possible explanation out
of several
But neglecting
causation in the opposite direction (clouds cause temperature) can lead to large errors in our understanding
of how and why the climate system changes, as well as in our diagnosis
of how sensitive the climate system is to
human influences.»
But many climate scientists bristle at its application in the global warming debate, saying the basic question
of human causation has been litigated many times over by the community.
Yet some
of the most frequently repeated claims made by those engaged in the climate change disinformation campaign have been outright untruths about such things as the claim that the entire scientific basis for
human induced climate change is a hoax or that there is no evidence
of human causation.
And (2) with regard to its main rationale, carbon emissions cause warming, the vector
of causation is backwards: atmospheric CO2 concentration follows global warming, empirically and theoretically, while
human emissions are lost in the noise.
In addition, Whitmarsh (2009) observed that «global warming» evokes stronger connotations
of human causation, whereas «climate change» evokes stronger connotations
of natural
causation.
To claim there is no scientific evidence
of human causation is either a lie or reckless disregard for the truth.
Some
of that would count as evidence
of AGW, especially if it's the kind
of impact that is somehow contingent on
human -
causation.
There are numerous evidential lines
of causation of the current warming, pointing to
human activity.
More specifically in regard to the question
of human causation, opponents
of climate change policies that deny
human causation should be expected to specifically respond to the numerous «foot - print» and «attribution» studies that the international community has relied on to make conclusions about
human causation.
But when this topic is examined in detail, most
of the experts — including mainstream liberals who believe in climate change and
human causation — understand that what they don't know is far greater than what they do understand.
(Fingerprint studies draw conclusions about
human causation that can be deduced from: (a) how the Earth warms in the upper and lower atmosphere, (b) warming in the oceans, (c) night - time vs day - time temperature increases, (d) energy escaping from the upper atmosphere versus energy trapped, (e) isotopes
of CO2 in the atmosphere and coral that distinguish fossil CO2 from non-fossil CO2, (f) the height
of the boundary between the lower and upper atmosphere, and (g) atmospheric oxygen levels decrease as CO2 levels increase.
What specific scientific references and sources do you rely upon to conclude that there is a reasonable scientific dispute about whether
human actions are causing observable climate change and are you aware
of the multiple «fingerprint» studies and «attribution» studies that very strongly point to
human causation?
Rarely is
human - induced climate change mentioned as a cause or contributing factor in the recent outbreak
of sever tornadoes although questions about
causation are becoming more frequent on TV and newspapers in this writer's experience.
Climate skeptic scientists have long questioned whether the effects
of relatively minor (compared to other CO2 sources and sinks)
human - caused emissions
of CO2 have more than a minor effect on global temperatures and some have even questioned whether the UN and USEPA have even gotten the
causation backwards (i.e., because on balance global temperatures affect atmospheric CO2 levels).
For instance, US politicians frequently assert that it is an open question whether
humans are causing the undeniable warming that the Earth is experiencing, thus exposing ignorance
of dozens
of lines
of independent robust evidence
of human causation including attribution studies, finger print analyses, strong evidence that correlates fossil fuel use to rising atmospheric concentrations
of greenhouse gases, and other physical and chemical evidence.
Moreover, a change in a respondent's estimate
of the scientific consensus significantly influences the belief that climate change is happening,
human - caused, and the extent to which they worry about the issue (note that belief in climate change and
human causation also directly influence level
of «worry»).
In general, however, Trump's Cabinet appointees have been largely noncommittal about the issue
of climate change and its
human causation.