Since
human coercion has absolutely no intrinsic value within a process system (in fact, is an intrinsic evil), it would appear that if divine persuasion is maximally effective alone, process theists should be pacifists.
On the other hand, if the answer is yes — that is, if divine persuasion alone does not maximize human freedom to the extent that such persuasion and divinely approved
human coercion does — then it is difficult to see why the process God would not use coercive power if this were an option.
Unfortunately, this fact alone gives us very little insight into the moral status of
human coercion.
If we assume, as we presently do, that the primary goal of both God and concerned humans is to maximize freedom (creativity) for the greatest number, it is the following query with which we must be concerned: Do continuous divine persuasion and occasional
human coercion, in conjunction, better maximize freedom than would continuous divine persuasion alone?
Not exact matches
Since political principles identify the proper relations between
humans, and since these relations are not constitutive of happiness, freedom has meant the absence of authority or
coercion, i.e., the liberty to pursue happiness without
human interference.
But as we move through the scriptures and analyze the accounts of how God deals with
human beings,
coercion is rare.
When one reads the tradition with this sensitivity, one also finds that many theologians have emphasized persuasion and the
human responsibility persuasion calls into being, far more than
coercion.
(Liberal religion refers to open and ongoing revelation, interconnected relationship grounded in love and never
coercion, an understanding of our responsibility to assist the arc of the moral universe in bending toward justice, and our understanding that there are resources both
human and divine that make it possible for us to do so.
This freedom means that all men are to be immune from
coercion on the part of individuals or of social groups and of any
human power, in such wise that no one is to be forced to act in a manner contrary to his own beliefs, whether privately or publicly, whether alone or in association with others, within due limits.»
If, as I think orthodox Christianity ultimately teaches, and as Solzhenitsyn's «Father Severyan» plainly teaches in November 1916 (excerpted here), that
humans are inherently prone to violence (and that the lesser evil of state - derived war is the price we pay for living not in anarchy but in «sword - bearing» states), then not only is 1) contrary to the New Testament's real teaching, but 2) is impossible and 3) requires a
coercion that will bring with it very deleterious consequences.
The anarchist component of his thought lay in the high value he placed on each individual
human life and his opposition to
coercion.
It might be said that the history of the past half - century is the story of
human attempts to secure world - community, the triumph of righteousness and justice, the establishment of understanding among the peoples of the earth, but always through the exercise of some variety of
coercion.
More specifically, I want to discuss the following question: When, if ever, is it justifiable for a process theist to use, or condone the use of,
coercion of this sort on the
human level?
I have not argued that process theists can not consistently allow for the justifiable use of
coercion at the
human level.
It may be that such
coercion is not possible for God although it is for
humans.
But «
coercion» has a different, weaker meaning in normal
human discourse.
W. Widick Schroeder observes that if
coercion is defined as «the capacity to act in ways violating others,» then «persuasion and
coercion interplay in any
human community» (PPT 70).
On the other hand, if process theists decide that God would coerce if this were possible, they establish a sound basis for the
human use of
coercion in some cases.
Process theists do not deny that
coercion in this weaker sense occurs, at least on the
human level.
This is why God sometimes approves of (lures us toward)
coercion on the
human level even though such coercive power would never be used by God even if it were available.
Moreover, it certainly does create a strong theological justification for the type of
coercion many process theists believe is necessary on the
human level.
Since there is no escape from self - assertion in
human life, there is no escape from conflict, nor from
coercion which is covert conflict.
But the evil is in the tyranny, not in the
coercion, In some
human relations at least
coercion is not only necessary, which Niebuhr of course admits, but also it is an essential element in the growth of the real good of mutuality among free and responsible persons.14
A finely tuned sensitivity to
human need and suffering may be a sufficient guide to action for the optimist who believes that the state can make everybody happy, but the realist who understands that every state rests on power and
coercion is the one who most needs an ideal of power guided by justice.
Freedom was grounded in the objective dignity of the
human person as entailing a freedom from
coercion.
Drawing from the Islamic imperative that «God is one» and from the Qur» an's teaching about Adam and Eve, Rauf arrives at two essential principles: that all
humans are equal «because we are born of one man and woman,» and that «because we are equal... we have certain inalienable liberties,» such as the freedom to accept or reject God, to think for ourselves (ijtihad) and to make individual choices without
coercion.
And then there were bishops like Karol Wojtyła of Kraków, who grasped that the dignity of the
human person was the battleground on which «the Church in the modern world» was contesting with various dangerous forces for the
human future; who thought that
coercion of consciences violated that
human dignity; and who believed that the act of faith must be free if it is to be true, because the God of the Bible wants to be adored by people who freely choose to do so.
It is of interest that all of these instances where
coercion is recommended involve
human beings dealing with other
human beings.
Much of sin gets into the
human spirit under the guise of love; but the sin is not always the
coercion of the other, it is the perversion of goals, the misuse of power, and the self - justification which grows not from love but from its absence.
One corollary of this view is that creativity in
human relationship can never be the sheer imposition of one will upon another, It must be the kind of action, with whatever
coercion is involved, which so far as possible leaves the other more free to respond.
To invite others — all others — in our society to Christ and his Church is not
coercion, manipulation, or spin; it is simply to invite them to awaken in heart and mind to what
human beings are created for, since, as Gaudium et Spes tells us (no. 22), it is only Christ who fully reveals man to himself.
At the
human, historical level, the constituting elements include physical necessities, customs, habits, unquestioned opinions and
coercion.
Is
human compassion alone ever sufficient to produce the initiative to cut off such an existence as this, relatively protected from
coercion, from the ills of
human temper, from arbitrary authority, from far - reaching and unremitting responsibility» Will
human compassion alone serve to terminate such an existence in favor of the fearfully vexed, dangerous, and apparently hopeless role which Moses is soon to assume»
The United Nations defines modern slavery, or
human trafficking, thus: «the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of
coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.
I have no problem with that agenda in a world in which
coercion is necessary to control a fallen humanity, and in which the coercive powers of government are themselves wielded by fallen
humans.
Thus intercessory prayer becomes, not a substitute for action in ourselves or a form of
coercion upon God, but a channel to the widest divine -
human co-operation.
The secondary sense in which God is law refers to the means - end structures of
coercion designed to keep the
human situation integrated so that his law and love in the primary sense can operate with enhanced effectiveness.
What is more important is the overall philosophy of AP, you know, responding to your infant and toddler, not using
coercion or punishment, being respectful, treating kids like they are the
humans they are.
To prevent the exploitation or
coercion of research participants, universities and other organizations conducting or sponsoring research require that all researchers who intend to use data collected from
human subjects be familiar with national and state - level guidelines for working with
human subjects data.
Eating is an essential survival mechanism, it only makes sense that a
human child will instinctively begin eating when she is developmentally ready to do so, just as she will begin to sit up, walk, and communicate, all on her own with no specialized instruction or
coercion from her parents.
May 10, 2013 • Anthropologists have long documented the differences in the extent of sexual
coercion — including rape — in different
human societies.
With lineage in 19th - century Prussia, Horace Mann and various education reformers were successful in molding a compulsory school system — forcing children to kowtow to an irrational authority for years on end and learn via obedience and
coercion, antithetical to
human development.
In Section 2331 of Chapter 113 (A), defines terrorism as activities that: involve violent acts or acts dangerous to
human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or of any State; (B) ``... activities that involve violent... or life - threatening acts... that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State and... appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or
coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and... (C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States...» (10) Subsequently paper will go deeper in counter-terrorism legislation of US.
These qualities are broadly accepted: that they are whimsical, capricious, wanton; that they can move at high speed, alter their size and form, and grant many of the wishes of mortal men and women should they so choose, or if by
coercion they are obliged to do so; and that their sense of time differs radically from that of
human beings.
The preponderance of the evidence shown by these studies indicates that the implementation of training and / or behavior modification protocols predicated upon «dominance theory» and social structures («alpha,» or «leader of pack»), usage of physical or mental force, intimidation,
coercion or fear are empirically less effective and often create as a consequence «fallout» behaviors — behaviors which may be dangerous to the
human and animal involved.
Human trafficking involves the use of force,
coercion, or fraud to induce an individual into performing a commercial sex act (sex trafficking), or to subject them to involuntary servitude, debt bondage, or slavery (labor trafficking).
In his 2004 publication Soft Power Joseph Nye asserts that, «Seduction is always more effective than
coercion, and many values like democracy,
human rights, and individual opportunities are deeply seductive.»
Terrorism is defined as a willful and deliberate act that is 1) an act that is a violent felony; 2) an act that the person knows or has reason to know is dangerous to
human life; and, 3) an act that is intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population or influence or affect the conduct of government through intimidation or
coercion.
With eight health centers throughout the region, it is PPSWO's goal to provide reproductive health care services to any individual who wants or needs them; to advocate public policies which guarantee each individual's access to services, right to privacy, and ability to make reproductive decisions free of
coercion; and to provide
human sexuality education which enhances the health and well - being of individuals in the community.
With seven health centers throughout the region, it is Planned Parenthood's mission to provide: reproductive health care services to any individual who wants or needs them, to advocate public policies which guarantee each individual's access to services, to advocate individual's right to privacy and their ability to make reproductive decisions free of
coercion, and to provide
human sexuality education which enhances the health and well - being of individuals in the community.