If we are to call for its ending, it can not be simply because it is idolatrous, since it may be that
every human ordering of society will be tainted with idolatry.
Not exact matches
Forasmuch as each man is a part
of the
human race, and
human nature is something social, and has for a great and natural good, the power also
of friendship; on this account God willed to create all men out
of one, in
order that they might be held in their
society not only by likeness
of kind, but also by bond
of kindred.
But the extent to which
human existence depends upon a natural
order of «
societies, harmoniously requiring each other» has recently become all the more apparent as the accumulated effects
of industry, technology, and population growth have presented major «environmental» problems (see CC).
We affirm democracy as the type
of government that holds the most promise for the just and good
ordering of society and that best protects
human rights and dignity.
Reinhold Niebuhr criticized this Pelagian vision
of individuals and social
orders in Moral Man and Immoral
Society, replacing it with an Augustinian realism about
human existence that tempered any optimism in
human progress.
In the case
of human mentality, we maintain that the requisite
order is supplied by a vast reservoir
of unconscious temporal
societies, which sustain its higher initiatives.
The Church recognises the family as the building block
of society and for good reason has carefully defended the understanding
of family relationships and
of human sexuality which is so intimately linked to the
ordering of family life and the procreation
of succeeding generations.
A
human person is an example
of such a personal
order, and one could extend this image to include larger and more complex corpuscular
societies, such as ethnic groups, geographical communities, or subcultures.
Again and again such thoughtful writers as Alasdair MacIntyre and Robert Bellah tell us that moral rectitude, fundamental truthfulness, and all
of the other virtues and skills that make us
human depend upon
society: upon our having a lifelong place within a social
order and contemplating the historical «narrative» that defines the social
order.
That is, a
human mind is a
society of serially
ordered actual entities that inherit a defining characteristic (Process 34).
Exodus tells us how God had brought a rabble
of slaves into being as an
ordered society of God - conscious
human beings.
According to this story,
human beings emerged from a «state
of nature» in
order to constitute
society.
Looked at from the point
of view
of its prehension
of past occasions, an actual entity (say, in the personally
ordered society of actual entities which constitute the «self»
of a
human being) can be viewed as conditioned by, caused by, the other entities which it objectifies.
I shall not endorse Royce's own conception
of the Trinity in this book, since it is more Sabellian or modalistic than genuinely Trinitarian.3 Rather, my intention is first to summarize Royce's understanding
of human community, then to make clear how it corresponds to a democratically organized structured
society within a Whiteheadian perspective, and finally to apply this understanding
of community to the Trinity in
order to clarify the notion
of God as a community
of divine persons.
We aim to rediscover and reconstruct a
society based on «belief in the ability
of human experience to generate the aims and methods by which further experience will grow in
ordered richness» (PCM 227).
Whitehead speaks
of the personally
ordered society of dominant
human occasions (Sherburne's regnant
society) as a «thread
of happenings wandering in «empty» space amid the interstices
of the brain» (PR 516).
But unless we have to a far greater degree than at present the
ordering of society on the basis
of the supreme worth
of every
human being, we shall have repeated outbursts
of world tragedy.
Modernity's emphasis on secularism involves three elements - a) the desacralisation
of nature which produced a nature devoid
of spirits preparing the way for its scientific analysis and technological control and use; b) desacralisation
of society and state by liberating them from the control
of established authority and laws
of religion which often gave spiritual sanction to social inequality and stifled freedom
of reason and conscience
of persons; it was necessary to affirm freedom and equality as fundamental rights
of all persons and to enable common action in politics and
society by adherents
of all religions and none in a religiously pluralistic
society; and c) an abandonment
of an eternally fixed sacred
order of human society enabling
ordering of secular social affairs on the basis
of rational discussion.
The function
of the state as the most general institution
of human society is to
order properly our mutual fulfillment
of the needs
of self and others.
Would we have to be a Jew or a Christian in
order to understand the vision
of human nature and
society which was being communicated there?
In doing this, we have also seen how one
of the consequences
of authentic preaching is a determination, established in the hearts and minds and wills
of those who have assisted at worship, to give themselves more fully to the service
of God — as «co-creators», in Whitehead's fine word, with God in the great work
of «amorization», establishing in this world (so far as a finite
order will permit it) a
society marked by caring, justice, responsibility, interest in others, and relief from oppression, devoted to everything positive which promotes the fullest actualization
of human possibility.
We introduce them in
order to discuss, explain and modify
human behaviour; and since
human behaviour occurs and gets discussed only in
societies, which have different histories, institutions and physical environments, the psychological vocabulary
of one
society mustnot be expected to match that
of another.
Indeed, our whole
society instead
of ordering economic matters for the sake
of overall
human and social well being has subordinated itself to the market as the instrument
of producing wealth.
Marx is offering here an outline
of an
ordered society in which the relations
of human beings to one another and to nature are both clearly recognizable and rationally acceptable.
In moving from this well -
ordered but repressive
society to forms
of social life which enable these dimensions
of the
human spirit to emerge in more concrete relationships, we must be prepared to live within conditions which are more complex, confused, and unsettling.
He seems to agree with Bracken that the creativity
of individual occasions is primary and is constitutive both
of enduring
human persons and
of societies, but unlike Lakeland his objections to the existing social
order of things are melioristic and reformist rather than fundamental and hence revolutionist.
In The Great Disruption:
Human Nature and the Reconstitution
of Social
Order, Francis Fukuyama says our
society went seriously out
of whack in the 1960s, chiefly because
of the change in sexual roles and in employment patterns forced by the rise
of the information revolution.
What Whitehead offers to effect this particular translation
of cosmology and sociology is the reintroduction
of a theory
of «social custom» to serve as the founding principle
of order in
human society.
And even though for Whitehead
human social interrelationships are primarily instinctive (owing to the «sympathetic» nature
of human experience), nonetheless it requires the repetitive occurrence
of inherited social activity to establish a social
order stable enough to secure the continued social interaction
of individuals, and therein the endurance
of society as a whole.
But «a moral discussion is inconclusive and even trivial, if it leaves out the question
of its application,» as Gregory Vlastos has said.13 In
order to be as specific as possible about this approach to Christian social philosophy I shall outline in arbitrary fashion five general principles which I suggest can be supported by the evidence
of human experience as being necessary guides to the conditions under which the Good
Society can grow.
The structure
of the ideal
society Can not be finally prescribed, nor can we directly create a new
order, The stuff
of human history and
human nature simply does not permit that kind
of attack.
A civilized
society is, in the universal hierarchy
of social
order, simply a particular form
of social creativity made uniquely distinctive by
human effort.
But today we need new visions
of a perfected social
order, a planetary
society in which all men have equal access to the means
of human fulfillment in a world brotherhood at peace with nature and with God.
By a Christian
society, he did not mean one that was composed solely
of Christians, but one in which
human life is
ordered to ends that are befitting the true God.
This world
of ours is a new world, in which the unity
of knowledge, the nature
of human communities, the
order of society, the
order of ideas, the very notions
of society and culture have changed and will not return to what they have been in the past.
The Faith and
Order statement then went on to point out how every social order is limited by the «continuing sinfulness of man» which are meant to protect human beings in soc
Order statement then went on to point out how every social
order is limited by the «continuing sinfulness of man» which are meant to protect human beings in soc
order is limited by the «continuing sinfulness
of man» which are meant to protect
human beings in
society.
Even the «soul,» the personally
ordered society of actual occasions constituting
human consciousness for Whitehead, does not have a comprehensive understanding
of the organism within which it finds itself.
With the evolutionary emergence
of complex,
ordered societies of occasions serving the rich and imaginative experience
of strands
of «presiding occasions» which exhibit «personal
order «4 and perhaps consciousness — that is, animals and
human beings, with their quicksilver brains and supple bodies — opportunities expand exponentially and the risks
of freedom expand correlatively.
Shepard goes to great lengths to show the negative consequences
of ordering human societies in ways that work against our genetic constitution.
By reason
of this prior decision Whitehead is forced to interpret all those beings
of higher
order that manifest themselves as unities, such as living beings and
humans, to be a multiplicity
of entities, that is, to be a «
society,» [253] or even more as a whole gradation
of inter-compartmentalized «
societies» and «subordinate
societies.»
Because Whitehead conceives the
human psyche not to be a single actuality, but a temporally -
ordered society of occasions
of experience, and further believes all actual entities to be occasions
of experience, he is able to use «the direct evidence as to the connectedness
of one's immediate present occasion
of experience with one's immediately past occasions... to suggest categories applying to the connectedness
of all occasions in nature» (AI 284).
It is true, as Hall points out, that for Whitehead
ordering principles are «immanent» within particular occasions (see UP 261 - 70), but in most cases those
ordering principles also reflect the «mutual relations»
of individuals, as well as the «community in character» pervading groups or
societies of individuals (AI 142).13 This is particularly true
of persons: the relations between occasions which constitute the
human body and brain, and the «community
of character»
of the succession
of personal experiences, give an essential element
of unity to
human experience.
«This world
of ours is a new world,» wrote Robert Oppenheimer in 1963, «in which the unity
of knowledge, the nature
of human communities, the
order of society, the
order of ideas, the very notions
of society and culture have changed and will not return to what they have been in the past» (Saturday Review
of Literature, June 29, 1963, p. 11).
Lévy - Soussan believes that in
order to be successful, adoption must lead to a psychological filiation that «allows for a nexus
of the three elements that are basic to any
society: the biological, the social, and the subjective dimensions specific to
human beings.
Nor is it an ideology, but rather the accurate formulation
of the results
of a careful reflection on the complex realities
of human existence, in
society and in the international
order, in the light
of faith and
of the Church's tradition.
Nonetheless, there is an expectation on the part
of society that the law will speak from on high as well as in the people's midst, and that it will make straight what would otherwise remain twisted, crooked lines; it will establish
order in the stead
of anarchy and chaos; it will retain a semblance
of purity amid vile motives and
human deceits; it will speak with godlike authority and power in a godless age.
God intended equality among men; but «private property, slavery, imperialism, the State itself, appear in post-Fall
society as regulations
of God to preserve nature, which is always being disrupted by sin».26 Justice thus appears as the rough, necessary, coerced
order of human societies which is not wholly antithetical to love, since it serves the purpose
of God in the creation and history.
The very great advantage to this «system» was that
society was organized on a classical and Christian tradition that understood the tension
of human existence, in right
order, as a function
of Plato's metaxy, e.g. the movement
of consciousness between immanence and transcendence.
It is rather that the Word and the church will be interpreted to them as God's will for the freedom
of man to live a
human life, to fight against the demonic forces
of his own nature that seek dominion over social as well as personal life, to
order his life by structures
of love and justice relevant to the conditions
of society.
Therefore while keeping love as the essence
of humanness and, therefore, the criterion and goal
of all
human endeavor,
human society today has to eschew utopianism and organize itself as power - structures based on a sense
of the moral law
of structural justice and utilize even the coercive legal sanctions
of the state to preserve social peace and protect the weaker sections
of society in a balance
of order, freedom and justice.