Experiments with actual fusion fuel — a mix of
the hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium — began in the early 1990s in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) in Princeton, US, and the Joint European Torus (JET) in Culham, UK.
Fusion reactors heat and squeeze a plasma — an ionized gas — composed of
the hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium, compressing the isotopes until their nuclei overcome their mutual repulsion and fuse together.
A 10-fold increase in temperature would bring them into the realm of sparking reactions in conventional fusion fuel, a mixture of
the hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium, known as D - T.
Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) seeks to create those conditions by taking a tiny capsule of fusion fuel (typically a mixture of
the hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium) and crushing it at high speed using some form of «driver,» such as lasers, particle beams, or magnetic pulses.
The target itself is a tiny hollow shell filled with the heavy
hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium.
The particles carry up to 30 times as much of
the hydrogen isotope deuterium as typical terrestrial materials.
«We also demonstrated that the flowing liquid lithium surface was compatible with high plasma confinement and with reduced recycling of
the hydrogen isotope deuterium to an extent previously achieved only with evaporated lithium coatings.
Not exact matches
More precisely, it's composed of plasma, super-heated gas made up of
hydrogen's constituent
isotopes,
deuterium and tritium — the smallest and most basic atoms.
A fusion power plant, on the other hand, will generate energy by fusing atoms of
deuterium and tritium, two
isotopes of
hydrogen — the lightest element.
In the 1950s,
deuterium was used in thermonuclear weapons because nuclear fusion of
deuterium atoms (or of
deuterium and the heavier
hydrogen isotope, tritium) releases tremendous energy.
Analysis of the water leaving Venus's atmosphere, however, shows that many of the
hydrogen ions are actually a stable
isotope of the element called
deuterium, which consists of a proton and a neutron (rather than just a proton) in its nucleus.
Meanwhile, fusion researchers in Japan and the United States have produced temperatures above 900 million ° F in plasmas of
deuterium and tritium, which are
isotopes of
hydrogen.
Next, Agee and his colleagues used a laser to extract water molecules trapped within minerals in the meteorite and fed them into a mass spectrometer to calculate the ratio of
deuterium, a heavy
isotope of
hydrogen, to ordinary
hydrogen.
The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is a multinational collaboration that represents one of the world's largest attempts to fuse
deuterium and tritium, two heavy
isotopes of
hydrogen.
That's because during evaporation, water molecules containing
deuterium, a heavy
isotope of
hydrogen made of one proton and one neutron, get left behind in the ocean.
Under laboratory conditions it is the two
hydrogen isotopes —
deuterium and tritium — that fuse most readily when held as a plasma at temperatures of several hundred million degrees.
Mainstream fusion power schemes fuse
hydrogen isotopes called
deuterium and tritium to make helium nuclei, releasing large amounts of energy in the process.
The experimental fusion reactors now being built around the world use a fuel composed of a plasma of two
isotopes of
hydrogen —
deuterium and tritium.
Herein we demonstrate that a photoredox - mediated
hydrogen atom transfer protocol can efficiently and selectively install
deuterium (D) and tritium (T) at α - amino sp3 carbon -
hydrogen bonds in a single step, using isotopically labeled water (D2O or T2O) as the source of
hydrogen isotope.
One common technique for tracking a drug's fate is to label its molecular framework with heavier
isotopes of
hydrogen (either
deuterium or tritium).
ORNL researchers tracked the molecular transition in labeling experiments with
deuterium, a
hydrogen isotope, to confirm the hydrocarbon pool mechanism.
The aim of ITER is to show that, in theory, nuclei of
deuterium and tritium (
isotopes of
hydrogen) can be fused in a searingly hot plasma at the heart of the reactor, thereby releasing large quantities of heat that could be used to generate power.
Rosetta's lander has the ability to measure the relative abundances of
hydrogen and its
isotope deuterium in the water on the comet.
The energy crisis was over; all you needed was palladium electrodes and heavy water to achieve the room - temperature fusion of
deuterium, a heavier
isotope of
hydrogen.
Inside is a polished beryllium sphere measuring 2 millimetres across (bottom centre), which contains
deuterium and tritium,
isotopes of
hydrogen.
Deuterium is an
isotope of
hydrogen with an extra neutron.
Pons and Fleischmann asserted that passing a current through heavy water — water containing
deuterium, a heavy
isotope of
hydrogen — between palladium electrodes produced a huge amount of heat.
The article discussing the possibility of generating energy using small - scale nuclear fusion suggested that both
deuterium and tritium are stable
isotopes of
hydrogen.
Carbon can come as one of two
isotopes (carbon - 12 or carbon - 13);
hydrogen can also take two forms, including as
deuterium — an
isotope of
hydrogen with one extra neutron.
Specifically, they measured
hydrogen and its
isotope,
deuterium (
hydrogen with an extra neutron in its nucleus) with ion microprobes, which use a focused beam of ions to sputter ions from a small rock sample into a mass spectrometer.
SNO uses «heavy water» (in which the
isotope deuterium replaces «normal»
hydrogen) to detect all three flavors of neutrinos.
JET researchers are testing how the machine behaves when filled with individual
hydrogen isotopes before attempting burns with
deuterium and tritium — the fuel for fusion — in 2019.
A series of four of these pulses squeezes a small fuel pellet containing
deuterium and tritium, both
isotopes of
hydrogen, causing the pellet to implode and briefly undergo fusion.
Cosmologists have demonstrated that
hydrogen and helium and their stable
isotopes like
deuterium were all synthesized just minutes after the Big Bang, when the Universe was hot enough to power nuclear reactions.
Deuterium (or heavy
hydrogen) is a fragile
isotope that can not survive the high temperatures achieved at the centers of stars.
Entombed within the ice core were quantities of a tell - tale type, or
isotope, of
hydrogen called
deuterium.
Carbon can come as one of two
isotopes (carbon - 12 or carbon - 13), as can
hydrogen, including a form called
deuterium.
The
hydrogen isotopes are
hydrogen and
deuterium.
For fusion, the fuel is two
isotopes of
hydrogen,
deuterium and tritium, the first of which can be extracted from seawater and the second from lithium, whose resources are large and growing.