However, neither convective drafts nor spatial cloud structure are explicitly resolved by coarse - resolution global circulation models, so the convective vertical transport
of hydrometeors (all forms of precipitation) must be parameterized.
They finished with a diagnostic evaluation showing that the newly developed representation was successful in reproducing the vertical
hydrometeor fluxes.
All these sensors make measurements at critical frequencies at and above 85 gigahertz (GHz); sensors measure microwave emissions at 183 GHz, the signature frequency band emitted by water vapor, making it feasible to detect
frozen hydrometeors (snow, ice, and the like) in the atmosphere.
Matrosov S. Y. and A. J. Heymsfield (September 2017): Empirical relations between size parameters of
ice hydrometeor populations and radar reflectivity.
«A case study of microphysical structures and
hydrometeor phase in convection using radar Doppler spectra at Darwin, Australia.»
The first theory postulates that the electric field is locally enhanced by
the hydrometeors in the cloud, thus enabling lightning to initiate.
The researchers showed that by conditionally sampling joint (two - dimensional) distributions of vertical velocity and
hydrometeor mass mixing ratios into quadrants, they could obtain the needed hydrometeor fluxes.
In addition to handling randomly and perfectly oriented particles, this model can also simulate the effect of partial orientation of
the hydrometeors.