Sentences with phrase «ice concentration falls»

Sea ice extent is defined as the surface area enclosed by the sea ice edge (where sea ice concentration falls below 15 %).

Not exact matches

Scientists can determine ancient atmospheric concentrations by measuring CO2 and methane levels in tiny air bubbles trapped in such ice, formed when the ice fell to the earth as snow.

A statistical forecast using a regression based approach with fall surface air temperature anomalies over the region as the main predictor was submitted by Tivy (Figure 4) for ice concentration anomalies in September.

A statistical forecast using a regression based approach with fall sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic as the main predictor was submitted by Tivy (Figure 3) for ice concentration anomalies in July in Hudson Bay.

Based Solely on that assumption wherever climate models projected ice falling below 25 % concentration, they deemed it «inadequate for whelping and nursing.»

While the 2010 melt season started with more multi-year ice (MYI) in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas than seen in recent years and an overall greater percentage of MYI arctic - wide, by the end of August nearly all of this MYI had melted out or ice concentration had fallen below 40 %.

Using a statistical model based on canonical correlation analysis with fall sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic as the main predictor, Tivy shows below - normal ice concentrations throughout most of the region (Figure 12), which suggests an earlier - than - normal opening of the shipping season.

However, we caution that these results do not imply that the ice formation problem is solved because several unique conditions favored agreement between simulated and observed ice crystal number concentrations in this case: overlying ice nucleus concentrations much greater than in - cloud ice crystal concentrations, very slow - falling ice crystals, and the possible presence of an ice nucleus reservoir below a decoupled surface layer.

In his testimony, he said that he arrived at that figure because that was how far CO2 concentration had fallen during the Cenozoic before polar ice sheets appeared.

McLaughlin's research shows that there is now evidence for falling concentrations of aragonite — the result of surface waters becoming more acidic because of the sea ice melting — making it more difficult for the shellfish to maintain their shells.

The models heavily relied upon by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had not projected this multidecadal stasis in «global warming»; nor (until trained ex post facto) the fall in TS from 1940 - 1975; nor 50 years» cooling in Antarctica (Doran et al., 2002) and the Arctic (Soon, 2005); nor the absence of ocean warming since 2003 (Lyman et al., 2006; Gouretski & Koltermann, 2007); nor the onset, duration, or intensity of the Madden - Julian intraseasonal oscillation, the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the tropical stratosphere, El Nino / La Nina oscillations, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, or the Pacific Decadal Oscillation that has recently transited from its warming to its cooling phase (oceanic oscillations which, on their own, may account for all of the observed warmings and coolings over the past half - century: Tsoniset al., 2007); nor the magnitude nor duration of multi-century events such as the Mediaeval Warm Period or the Little Ice Age; nor the cessation since 2000 of the previously - observed growth in atmospheric methane concentration (IPCC, 2007); nor the active 2004 hurricane season; nor the inactive subsequent seasons; nor the UK flooding of 2007 (the Met Office had forecast a summer of prolonged droughts only six weeks previously); nor the solar Grand Maximum of the past 70 years, during which the Sun was more active, for longer, than at almost any similar period in the past 11,400 years (Hathaway, 2004; Solankiet al., 2005); nor the consequent surface «global warming» on Mars, Jupiter, Neptune's largest moon, and even distant Pluto; nor the eerily - continuing 2006 solar minimum; nor the consequent, precipitate decline of ~ 0.8 °C in TS from January 2007 to May 2008 that has canceled out almost all of the observed warming of the 20th century.

A combined lack of coherence in ice drift fields and reduced ice concentrations in April 2011 relative to April 2007 suggest that springtime ice dynamical contributions to fall sea ice extent may be associated with sea ice deformation and ridging within an increasingly mobile and fractured ice cover.