Sentences with phrase «ice conditions between»

When scientists compare average sea ice conditions between years, they often use a 30 - year reference period of 1981 to 2010.

Richter - Menge, left, and members of the NASA IceBridge Team prepare for a 2013 flight from Thule, Greenland, to the Beaufort Sea, off Alaska's northeastern coast, to examine sea - ice conditions between the two points.

Not exact matches

Between the airtight cover and / or air conditioning in the house the next morning the royal icing decorations had all melted.

«These objects may hold ice and preserve a record of conditions at formation between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter,» he told New Scientist.

Planetary scientists noticed striking similarities between the frigid conditions of Ellesmere Island and those of Jupiter's ice - covered moon, Europa.

Laboratory studies suggest that explosive development of ice crystals can occur in these conditions, at temperatures between -4 and -8 degrees Celsius, and this «rime - splintering» mechanism is often invoked to explain past observations of the rapid development of large numbers of ice crystals in cumuli.

We had expected milder weather than Barents experienced — in the «Little Ice Age», which lasted from 1450 to 1850, mean temperatures were between 1 and 2 °C colder than nowadays — but the difference in conditions was far greater than we had anticipated.

A new NASA - led study has discovered an intriguing link between sea ice conditions and the melting rate of Totten Glacier, the glacier in East Antarctica that discharges the most ice into the ocean.

The results highlight how the interaction between ocean conditions and the bedrock beneath a glacier can influence the frozen mass, helping scientists better predict future Antarctica ice loss and global sea level rise.

At its height between 1960 and 1980, Polyarka was staffed by more than fifty working scientists, engineers, and technicians focused on measurements of surface weather, snow depth, sea ice, and conditions in the upper atmosphere.

But it wasn't until 1929 that William H. Barnes, working in Bragg the elder's lab at London's Royal Institution, showed that ice formed under natural conditions had a structure with the oxygens arranged in a planar hexagon and the hydrogens located between the oxygens.

However, the Antarctic Ice Sheet is a complex system with interactions between the ice and climate, the ocean, and conditions at the base of the ice sheIce Sheet is a complex system with interactions between the ice and climate, the ocean, and conditions at the base of the ice sheice and climate, the ocean, and conditions at the base of the ice sheice sheet.

Equilibrium sensitivity, including slower surface albedo feedbacks, is 6 °C for doubled CO2 for the range of climate states between glacial conditions and ice - free Antarctica.»

The study starts with observations of eroding ice sheets spreading, cooler freshwater at both ends of the planet and geological hints of tempestuous conditions toward the end of the Eemian, that last interval between ice ages when global temperatures and seas were higher than now.

Before the ice gets too thick, the temperature contrast between the warmer water and the cold atmosphere makes conditions just right for the formation of surface crystals like this field of frost flowers on Dillon Reservoir, in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.

â $ œIntervals of ameliorated limnological conditions occurred between 1300 and 900 and between 500 and 280 cal yr B.P., briefly interrupting the decreasing trend in productivity that culminated in the Little Ice Age.

There are differences between the companies that mean they are not direct rivals - for instance, Viking Cold's thermal energy storage in the low - temperature range is aimed specifically at freezers, Axiom at refrigeration units and Ice Energy's Ice Battery's application focuses mostly on air - conditioning systems.

While the conditions in the geological past are useful indicators in suggesting climate and atmospheric conditions only vary within a a certain range (for example, that life has existed for over 3 billion years indicates that the oxygen level of the atmosphere has stayed between about 20 and 25 % throughout that time), I also think some skeptics are too quick to suggest the lack of correlation between temperature and CO2 during the last 550 million years falsifies the link between CO2 and warming (too many differences in conditions to allow any such a conclusion to be drawn — for example the Ordovician with high CO2 and an ice age didn't have any terrestrial life).

July is the main transition month between ice - covered and ice - free conditions in the Hudson Bay region and the mean opening date for the shipping route to Churchill is 25 July.

Between AD 500 and 700 and the Little Ice Age phase 2 (LIA 2 — AD 1630 — 1850), the frequent typhoons were inferred by coarse sediments and planktonic diatoms, which represented more dynamical climate conditions than in the LIA 1.

One aspect of the recently published study on Chukchi Sea polar bears (Rode et al. 2014 [now in print] 2013; see here and here) has not been stressed enough: their finding that the differences in overall condition between bears in the Chukchi and Southern Beaufort Seas came down to disparities in spring feeding opportunities and therefore, the condition of spring sea ice.

July is the main transition month between ice - covered and ice - free conditions and it is a month of particular interest, since the mean opening date for the shipping route to Churchill is July 25th.

Conditions may potentially rival the 2007 record minimum, if the majority of the remaining first - year ice disappears and some second - year ice at lower latitudes melts back between now and the September minimum.

Arbetter et al. (National Ice Center); 4.4; Statistical The system determines the relationships between sea ice and atmospheric conditions over the past ten years to determine the likelihood of ice being present this yeIce Center); 4.4; Statistical The system determines the relationships between sea ice and atmospheric conditions over the past ten years to determine the likelihood of ice being present this yeice and atmospheric conditions over the past ten years to determine the likelihood of ice being present this yeice being present this year.

July is the main transition month between ice - covered and ice - free conditions, and the mean opening date for the shipping route to Churchill is July 25th.

There were no globally synchronous multi-decadal warm or cold intervals that define a worldwide Medieval Warm Period or Little Ice Age, but all reconstructions show generally cold conditions between AD 1580 and 1880, punctuated in some regions by warm decades during the eighteenth century.

Whereas most proxy - based reconstructions point to an early - middle LIG climatic optimum with reduced summer sea ice concentrations between 126 and 116 ka, the results of our model simulations only support a pronounced reduction in summer sea ice concentration for the LIG - 125 and LIG - 130 runs (in both time slice as well as transient runs; Figs. 8 and 9), but also indicate that sea ice was still present in the central Arctic Ocean even under climatic conditions significantly warmer than today (Fig. 4).

Sometime before 2020 certainly, but based on the 5 year rebuilding time between 2007 and 2012, we might see a new lower low in Arctic sea ice around 2017, as the spiral continues down to an ice free condition this century.

For the LIG - 120 interval, we record an apparent mismatch between the LIG - 120 simulation (suggesting sea ice conditions similar to those of the PI conditions)(Figs. 4 and 8) and the proxy - based sea ice record (suggesting minimum sea ice concentrations similar to the early - mid-LIG (Fig. 7a).

Combining the limitations of this data with the (interannual) variability in atmospheric and oceanic conditions between now and September 2008 leaves a wide range of scenarios open for how sea ice conditions may develop throughout the summer.

As highlighted by Arbetter et al. in their contribution, in particular from the perspective of navigation in ice - covered waters, it is important to recognize differences between different forecasting and remote - sensing approaches as to the definition of ice extent, location of the ice edge and related variables describing ice conditions.

However, there remains uncertainty in the rate of sea ice loss, with the models that most accurately project historical sea ice trends currently suggesting nearly ice - free conditions sometime between 2021 and 2043 (median 2035).12 Uncertainty across all models stems from a combination of large differences in projections among different climate models, natural climate variability, and uncertainty about future rates of fossil fuel emissions.

Differences between surface winds and SLP, and vortex splitting and sea ice extent composites exhibit conditions that are unfavorable to export through Fram Strait in May, 2009; southwesterly versus southeasterly winds in the Beaufort Sea region may also limit free ice drift conditions and inhibit the acceleration evident in years exhibiting record lows in sea ice extent.

However, we caution that these results do not imply that the ice formation problem is solved because several unique conditions favored agreement between simulated and observed ice crystal number concentrations in this case: overlying ice nucleus concentrations much greater than in - cloud ice crystal concentrations, very slow - falling ice crystals, and the possible presence of an ice nucleus reservoir below a decoupled surface layer.

«At all sites and during warm as well as cold climatic intervals SST values are well above 0 °C (i.e., ranging between about 5 and 12 °C), suggesting that the SST data represent more the summer situation with ice - free conditions.»

For the sake of simplicity, we use the linear relation in Hansen et al. [5] and electronic supplementary material, figure S4; thus, 5 W m − 2 between the LGM and ice - free conditions and 3.4 W m − 2 between the LGM and Holocene.

Based on the understanding of both the physical processes that control key climate feedbacks (see Section 8.6.3), and also the origin of inter-model differences in the simulation of feedbacks (see Section 8.6.2), the following climate characteristics appear to be particularly important: (i) for the water vapour and lapse rate feedbacks, the response of upper - tropospheric RH and lapse rate to interannual or decadal changes in climate; (ii) for cloud feedbacks, the response of boundary - layer clouds and anvil clouds to a change in surface or atmospheric conditions and the change in cloud radiative properties associated with a change in extratropical synoptic weather systems; (iii) for snow albedo feedbacks, the relationship between surface air temperature and snow melt over northern land areas during spring and (iv) for sea ice feedbacks, the simulation of sea ice thickness.

July is the main transition month between ice - covered and ice - free conditions and the mean opening date for the shipping route to Churchill is 25 July.

I am fully aware that there are differences between the Arctic and Antarci sea ice conditions.

The subsequent cooling culminated in the «LittleIceAge», between ca1600 and 1850AD, when ice conditions in the high Arctic remained especially prohibitive for navigation (e.g., Altet al., 1985).»

Just for one example, if it turns out that, between melt of sea ice and Greenland ice, the North Atlantic Current slows or stops, we would expect to see fairly dramatically colder weather in Europe for a while, even thought this condition could be directly linked to results produced by GW (though in the long term, the warming would, presumably eventually overtake the cooling from change in ocean currents).

One is the process of percolation through porous firn; it was acknowledged that this process can last up to 5000 years under conditions of Antarctica, hence even ice core researchers themselves have to introduce «time lag» between ice age and air bubbles age.

As the melt season draws to a close, many of the forecasts based on statistical linkages between the end of July ice conditions and the September minimum improve in their forecasting skill.

This court abolished, in premises liability actions involving a slip and fall on snow and ice, the distinction between natural and unnatural accumulations of snow and ice, which had constituted an exception to the general rule of premises liability that a property owner owes a duty to all lawful visitors to use reasonable care to maintain its property in a reasonably safe condition in view of all the circumstances [370 - 384]; further, this court saw no reason to limit its holding to prospective application [384 - 386].

Had there been appropriate monitoring through the night, operators would have been called in between 3:30 and 4:00 a.m. and had salt been applied earlier, ice build up and the formation of icy conditions could have been prevented.