Sentences with phrase «ice nucleus concentration»

Simulations include possible quadrupled ice nucleus concentration aloft (top four panels; see paper for details) or a possible ice nucleus reservoir in the surface layer (bottom four panels).

We found that without crystal aggregation, our simulations using low - density dendrites were able to predominantly match the in situ measurements, but this rough match required either increasing the overlying ice nucleus concentration fourfold or assuming a reservoir of ice nuclei from the surface layer to be entrained from the underlying, decoupled surface layer (both conceivable; see paper for details).

Simulations include possible quadrupled ice nucleus concentration aloft (top two rows; see paper for details) or near - surface ice nucleus reservoir (bottom two rows).

Including aggregation, in addition to quadrupled ice nucleus concentrations aloft or an ice nucleus reservoir below, allowed the simulations to roughly match the in situ properties when assuming the presence of low - density dendrites and their aggregates (Fig. 2).

We also note that agreement between observed and simulated ice crystal number concentrations in our study required the concentration of entrained ice nuclei to be much greater than the number concentration of ice crystals, which conflicts with studies that indicate that entrained ice nucleus concentrations are equal to in - cloud ice crystal concentrations.

However, we caution that these results do not imply that the ice formation problem is solved because several unique conditions favored agreement between simulated and observed ice crystal number concentrations in this case: overlying ice nucleus concentrations much greater than in - cloud ice crystal concentrations, very slow - falling ice crystals, and the possible presence of an ice nucleus reservoir below a decoupled surface layer.

Not exact matches

However, past studies of such Arctic mixed - phase clouds have been unable to explain the measured abundance of ice crystals larger than 100 micrometers in maximum dimension (the size range where measurements are available), given observed environmental conditions and the measured concentrations of ice nuclei that could be entrained into the observed shallow cloud layers from aloft.