Sentences with phrase «ice on the surface changes»

The entire structure loses mechanical strength despite the fact that only a tiny volume of ice on the surface changes temperature and thus its mechanical properties.

This cycling of CO2 into and out of ice on the surface changes the atmospheric mass by tens of percent over the course of a Martian year.»

Not exact matches

Polar bears, the poster - child for climate change, are among the animals most affected by the seasonal and year - to - year changes in Arctic sea ice, because they rely on this surface for essential activities such as hunting, traveling and breeding.

By tracking changes in crevasses on the glaciers» surfaces, they calculated the speed at which the ice slabs were moving.

A working group known as PALSEA2 (Paleo constraints on sea level rise) used past records of local change in sea level and converted them to a global mean sea level by predicting how the surface of the Earth deforms due to changes in ice - ocean loading of the crust, along with changes in gravitational attraction on the ocean surface.

Most of the images from Rosetta have been in black & white, so these colour ones are a nice change and show incredible detail, including patches of water ice on the rocky surface.

To that end, they will observe the weather on these ice shelves, measure the amount of surface melt from the ground and from satellites, and analyse how snow characteristics change in response to melt.

The redistribution of ice - water on the surface of the Earth and the flow of mantle rocks causes the gravitational field and the moment of inertia of the Earth to change.

The comet appears to have undergone visible changes, including the changes in the size and number of surface features such as smooth patches, pits, and craters, and the loss of ice vaporized by the Sun or blasted off its surface by the Solar Wind into its tail as well as failing back on the object like snow, so that it appears to shrink, on average, by 25 to 50 centimeters (9.2 to 19.7 inches) with each orbit around the Sun.

The higher - frequency «solar photons», if reflected by something on the surface (be it an ice - sheet, a body of water, or someone's windshield) will happily change course and zip right out of the atmosphere again, completely unaffected by GHGs (though not by cloud, of course.)

... Polar amplification explains in part why Greenland Ice Sheet and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet appear to be highly sensitive to relatively small increases in CO2 concentration and global mean temperature... Polar amplification occurs if the magnitude of zonally averaged surface temperature change at high latitudes exceeds the globally averaged temperature change, in response to climate forcings and on time scales greater than the annual cycle.

Other factors would include: — albedo shifts (both from ice > water, and from increased biological activity, and from edge melt revealing more land, and from more old dust coming to the surface...); — direct effect of CO2 on ice (the former weakens the latter); — increasing, and increasingly warm, rain fall on ice; — «stuck» weather systems bringing more and more warm tropical air ever further toward the poles; — melting of sea ice shelf increasing mobility of glaciers; — sea water getting under parts of the ice sheets where the base is below sea level; — melt water lubricating the ice sheet base; — changes in ocean currents -LRB-?)

Based on the comparison between reconstructions and simulations, there is high confidence that not only external orbital, solar and volcanic forcing, but also internal variability, contributed substantially to the spatial pattern and timing of surface temperature changes between the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age (1450 to 1850).

15, Maurizio, there has been changes in dominant winds, but my take on the greater ice melt is a flat out warmer atmosphere (causing these winds to change) which shows itself as a brighter twilight during the long night, especially when there is a cooling on the surface.

Because the drains out of the various bathtubs involved in the climate — atmospheric concentrations, the heat balance of the surface and oceans, ice sheet accumulations, and thermal expansion of the oceans — are small and slow, the emissions we generate in the next few decades will lead to changes that, on any time scale we can contemplate, are irreversible.

Although there is still some disagreement in the preliminary results (eg the description of polar ice caps), a lot of things appear to be quite robust as the climate models for instance indicate consistent patterns of surface warming and rainfall trends: the models tend to agree on a stronger warming in the Arctic and stronger precipitation changes in the Topics (see crude examples for the SRES A1b scenarios given in Figures 1 & 2; Note, the degrees of freedom varies with latitude, so that the uncertainty of these estimates are greater near the poles).

This result would be strongly dependent on the exact dynamic response of the Greenland ice sheet to surface meltwater, which is modeled poorly in todays global models.Yes human influence on the climate is real and we might even now be able to document changes in the behavior of weather phenomena related to disasters (e.g., Emanuel 2005), but we certainly haven't yet seen it in the impact record (i.e., economic losses) of extreme events.

Is it not the case that at the end of the last ice age, there was increased seismic activity due to changes in the weight of ice on the earth's surface?

Peer - reviewed literature about the effects of climate change are in broad agreement that air and surface water temperatures are rising and will continue to do so, that ice cover is declining steadily, and that precipitation and extreme events are on the rise.

Based on evidence from Earth's history, we suggest here that the relevant form of climate sensitivity in the Anthropocene (e.g. from which to base future greenhouse gas (GHG) stabilization targets) is the Earth system sensitivity including fast feedbacks from changes in water vapour, natural aerosols, clouds and sea ice, slower surface albedo feedbacks from changes in continental ice sheets and vegetation, and climate — GHG feedbacks from changes in natural (land and ocean) carbon sinks.

As other posters have indicated with the point about how ice lost from ice - caps changes the angular momentum, the movement of water and atmosphere over the surface has an impact on the angular momentum and therefore a major ENSO event will show up in a LOD fluctuation.

To assure the model was realistic, the scientists drew on observations of changes in the altitude of the ice sheet surface made by NASA's IceSat satellite and airborne Operation IceBridge campaign.

Pokrovsky predicts a further acceleration of melting of the thin ice and in general greater ice loss compared to his June prediction; this change is based on the increase in the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Atlantic and the presence of hot air masses over Siberia and the Russian Arctic.

AGW climate scientists seem to ignore that while the earth's surface may be warming, our atmosphere above 10,000 ft. above MSL is a refrigerator that can take water vapor scavenged from the vast oceans on earth (which are also a formidable heat sink), lift it to cold zones in the atmosphere by convective physical processes, chill it (removing vast amounts of heat from the atmosphere) or freeze it, (removing even more vast amounts of heat from the atmosphere) drop it on land and oceans as rain, sleet or snow, moisturizing and cooling the soil, cooling the oceans and building polar ice caps and even more importantly, increasing the albedo of the earth, with a critical negative feedback determining how much of the sun's energy is reflected back into space, changing the moment of inertia of the earth by removing water mass from equatorial latitudes and transporting this water vapor mass to the poles, reducing the earth's spin axis moment of inertia and speeding up its spin rate, etc..

My earliest research was on orbital - scale changes in North Atlantic sediments to reconstruct past sea - surface temperatures and to quantify the deposition of ice - rafted debris.

Land comprises only about 30 % of the Earth's surface, but it can have the largest effects on the reflection of global solar radiation in conjunction with changes in ice and snow cover, and the shading of the latter by vegetation.

280 Though I can not find any literature on equatorial warming triggering reorganization for the D - O events, there are reports, for the glacial - interglacial transition, that Pacific sea surface temperatures warmed 3,000 years before changes in ice volumes.

As the Antarctic sea ice reached record levels, scientists floated several hypotheses, including possible changes in the ozone hole over Antarctica, or increased amounts of fresh water — which freezes more easily — on the surface of the ocean around Antarctica.

Surface air temperature change relative to 1880 - 1920 in 2055 - 2060 based on climate simulations assuming ice melt increases with a 10 - year doubling time.

In 1941, Milutin Milankovitch suggested that wobbles in the Earth's orbit changed the distribution of solar energy on the planet's surface, driving the ice age cycles.

Since the scaling factor used is based purely on simulations by CMIP5 models, rather than on observations, the estimate is only valid if those simulations realistically reproduce the spatiotemporal pattern of actual warming for both SST and near - surface air temperature (tas), and changes in sea - ice cover.

Also, regarding subsea volacanic eruptions — a volcanic eruption involves release of magma at several thousand degrees C plus superheated gases — when that hits cold sea water you are going to have a very violent and explosive change of form from lquid water to steam combined with the release of dissolved gases (mostly CO2)-- I am not sure what laws of Chemistry and Physics you are looking at, but I would suggest that that those bubbles and heated gases and water will rise to to the surface very quickly and have a major local effect on any nearby ice.

b) volumetric effects — change in the volume of water contained in the oceans and the geometry and areal extent of the ocean basins c) gravitational effects — change in the gravitational attraction of the earth (induced by deformation), by the change in distribution of ice and by the change in self - attraction of the water d) rotational effects — change in the moment of inertia caused by a change in the distribution of mass within the earth and on its surface.

Other data sets such as ocean heat content, sea ice extent, whatever, are not sufficiently mature or long - range... Further, the surface temperature is most relevant to climate change impacts, since humans and land ecosystems live on the surface.»

Based on the understanding of both the physical processes that control key climate feedbacks (see Section 8.6.3), and also the origin of inter-model differences in the simulation of feedbacks (see Section 8.6.2), the following climate characteristics appear to be particularly important: (i) for the water vapour and lapse rate feedbacks, the response of upper - tropospheric RH and lapse rate to interannual or decadal changes in climate; (ii) for cloud feedbacks, the response of boundary - layer clouds and anvil clouds to a change in surface or atmospheric conditions and the change in cloud radiative properties associated with a change in extratropical synoptic weather systems; (iii) for snow albedo feedbacks, the relationship between surface air temperature and snow melt over northern land areas during spring and (iv) for sea ice feedbacks, the simulation of sea ice thickness.

Apologies if this has already been stated, but my view on decreased Arctic ice cover is: - 1, as Judith pointed out, when ice is at a minimum the sun is already so low in the sky that there is no noticeable change to albedo, 2 when there is ice cover warm water is kept at depth by differences in salinity, When there is open water, storms mix the haline layers bringing warm water to the surface where it can more readily radiate it's energy into outer space.

Read more: Stanford University Aerosols Also Implicated in Glacier Melting, Changing Weather Patterns Other research examining the effects of soot on melting glaciers and changing weather pattens in South Asia has reached similar conclusions: Beyond increasing atmospheric warming, because the soot coats the surface of the snow and ice it changes the albedo of the surface, allowing it to absorb more sunlight and thereby accelerating Changing Weather Patterns Other research examining the effects of soot on melting glaciers and changing weather pattens in South Asia has reached similar conclusions: Beyond increasing atmospheric warming, because the soot coats the surface of the snow and ice it changes the albedo of the surface, allowing it to absorb more sunlight and thereby accelerating changing weather pattens in South Asia has reached similar conclusions: Beyond increasing atmospheric warming, because the soot coats the surface of the snow and ice it changes the albedo of the surface, allowing it to absorb more sunlight and thereby accelerating melting.

With regard to proxy studies, same basic questions, are these direct or passive correlations, what evidence that tree ring core thickness depends only on temperature (what about precipitation, cloud cover, volcanic activity, sea surface temperatue changes, sea current changes, solar irradiance changes, cloud cover, etc.) How are these variables accounted for when analysis of ice cores is completed, or for that matter when computer models, and / or proxy studies are completed.

The models heavily relied upon by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had not projected this multidecadal stasis in «global warming»; nor (until trained ex post facto) the fall in TS from 1940 - 1975; nor 50 years» cooling in Antarctica (Doran et al., 2002) and the Arctic (Soon, 2005); nor the absence of ocean warming since 2003 (Lyman et al., 2006; Gouretski & Koltermann, 2007); nor the onset, duration, or intensity of the Madden - Julian intraseasonal oscillation, the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the tropical stratosphere, El Nino / La Nina oscillations, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, or the Pacific Decadal Oscillation that has recently transited from its warming to its cooling phase (oceanic oscillations which, on their own, may account for all of the observed warmings and coolings over the past half - century: Tsoniset al., 2007); nor the magnitude nor duration of multi-century events such as the Mediaeval Warm Period or the Little Ice Age; nor the cessation since 2000 of the previously - observed growth in atmospheric methane concentration (IPCC, 2007); nor the active 2004 hurricane season; nor the inactive subsequent seasons; nor the UK flooding of 2007 (the Met Office had forecast a summer of prolonged droughts only six weeks previously); nor the solar Grand Maximum of the past 70 years, during which the Sun was more active, for longer, than at almost any similar period in the past 11,400 years (Hathaway, 2004; Solankiet al., 2005); nor the consequent surface «global warming» on Mars, Jupiter, Neptune's largest moon, and even distant Pluto; nor the eerily - continuing 2006 solar minimum; nor the consequent, precipitate decline of ~ 0.8 °C in TS from January 2007 to May 2008 that has canceled out almost all of the observed warming of the 20th century.

To quote from AR5 WG1: «While surface melting will remain small, an increase in snowfall on the Antarctic ice sheet is expected (medium confidence), resulting in a negative contribution to future sea level from changes in surface mass balance.»

This sea ice retreat has significant effects on high - latitude ecosystems and on the evolution of climate change itself, through the change of Earth surface's reflectivity.

Slip and fall injuries can result from such problems as water, rain, ice, snow, grease or other slippery substance on a walking surface, as well as abrupt changes in flooring, poor lighting, or a hidden hazard, such as a gap or a hard - to - see hole in the ground.