Sentences with phrase «ice particles at»

The record loss was due mainly to exceptionally low temperatures last winter in the Arctic stratosphere, which help to form ice particles at an altitude of around 18 — 25 kilometres.

Not exact matches

«These organisms,» Christner says, «are able to catalyze ice formation at a temperature warmer than any other naturally occurring particle.»

The reaction rate between atmospheric hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) is greatly enhanced in the presence of ice particles; HCl dissolves readily into ice, and the collisional reaction probability for ClONO2 on the surface of ice with HCl in the mole fraction range from ∼ 0.003 to 0.010 is in the range from ∼ 0.05 to 0.1 for temperatures near 200 K. Chlorine (Cl2) is released into the gas phase on a time scale of at most a few milliseconds, whereas nitric acid (HNO3), the other product, remains in the condensed phase.

Clouds at — 30 or — 35ºF are often entirely liquid because they do not contain any efficient ice - nucleating particles.

Unlike Saturn's bright rings, which are made almost entirely of ice particles, Mars's rocky ring will be dark and largely invisible from Earth, although the cloud of orbiting Phobos bits will at first be dense enough to cast a shadow on the Red Planet's surface during some parts of the planet's orbit around the sun, the researchers say.

Although no one is sure what triggers their formation, one theory is that cosmic dust, or debris from burned - up meteors, seed the ice particles, which is plausible because meteors typically are incinerated in the upper mesosphere at about the same altitude where these clouds form.

The other interesting thing is that there is a ring of dust or ice particles that surround Saturn right at the orbit of Enceladus.

By analyzing this data over the following six months, the researchers found that clouds that grew at the lowest temperatures required extremely high relative humidity in order for water vapor to form an ice crystal around a dust particle.

To see how quickly these particles are accumulating in the atmosphere, Carlo Barbante, an environmental chemist at the University of Venice, looked at snowpack and ice cores brought from Greenland.

A year and half ago, physicists working with the massive IceCube particle detector — a 3D array of 5160 light sensors buried kilometers deep in ice at the South Pole — spotted ghostly subatomic particles called neutrinos from beyond our galaxy.

Astrophysicists using a telescope embedded in Antarctic ice have succeeded in a quest to detect and record the mysterious phenomena known as cosmic neutrinos — nearly massless particles that stream to Earth at the speed of light from outside our solar system, striking the surface in a burst of energy that can be as powerful as a baseball pitcher's fastball.

That process could hint at how big ice particles in plumes can grow.

The key finding: cloud particles at the top of the great storm are composed of a mix of three substances: water ice, ammonia ice, and an uncertain third constituent that is possibly ammonium hydrosulfide.

The interesting effect, he notes, is that in Saturn's massive storm, at least, the observations can be matched by having particles of mixed composition, or clouds of water ice existing side - by - side with clouds of ammonia ice.

«Probability density function,» a statistical representation of the likelihood of something occurring at any point in time, was used to examine cloud properties, including vertical motion, liquid and ice water content, and the conditions of cloud particle growth, including how ice crystals grow at the expense of liquid droplets.

In one sentence: Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory found that when miniscule particles of airborne dust, thought to be a perfect landing site for water vapor, are modified by pollution, they change cloud properties via ice crystal number concentration and ice water content.

At supersaturated atmospheric conditions, bare and coated particles had a nearly equivalent predisposition for nucleating ice.

Researchers bury thousands of devices miles deep into the ice at the bottom of the Earth — all in an attempt to catch the universe's most elusive particle.

Using magic during combat also feels lackluster: unleashing an icy bolt to freeze enemies doesn't feel like you're doing much more than throwing an ice - cube at someone who mildly annoyed you, while setting foes alight with your Nova attack involves you creating what looks like a pile of gellatine at your feet before unleashing the attack which doesn't so much set fire to enemies as generate some weird particle effects.

Geoengineering proposals fall into at least three broad categories: 1) managing atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., ocean fertilization and atmospheric carbon capture and sequestration), 2) cooling the Earth by reflecting sunlight (e.g., putting reflective particles into the atmosphere, putting mirrors in space to reflect the sun's energy, increasing surface reflectivity and altering the amount or characteristics of clouds), and 3) moderating specific impacts of global warming (e.g., efforts to limit sea level rise by increasing land storage of water, protecting ice sheets or artificially enhancing mountain glaciers).

It is caused by chemical reactions that take place primarily on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds, ice particles or liquid droplets which form at high altitudes in extreme cold.

Ozone holes are caused by chemical reactions that take place primarily on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds, ice particles, or liquid droplets, which form at high altitudes in the extreme cold of the polar regions.

Their freezing can either be triggered by aerosol particles acting as a so - called ice nuclei (IN), or occur homogeneously (without IN) at about − 38 ◦ C The goal of many laboratory studies was and is to assess the ice nucleation ability of selected aerosol particles of a... http://search.proquest.com/openview/421dd0783b387a8e030902328dcc6f23/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=105744