Sentences with phrase «ice particles in»

That is, more dust creates heavy ice particles in high clouds that rain down and ultimately reduce high cloud amounts.

Huang, B.A. Baum, Y.X. Hu, G.W. Kattawar, M.I. Mishchenko, and Q. Fu, 2005: Scattering and absorption property database for nonspherical ice particles in the near - through far - infrared spectral region.

Airborne Open Polar / Imaging Nephelometer for Ice Particles in Cirrus Clouds and Aerosols Field Campaign Report.

Jackson, R.C., G.M. McFarquhar, A. Fridlind, and R. Atlas, 2015: The dependence of cirrus gamma size distributions expressed as volumes in N0 - λ - μ phase space and bulk cloud properties on environmental conditions: Results from Small Ice Particles in Cirrus Experiment (SPARTICUS).

These particles crash into smaller ice particles in the swirling winds inside storm clouds, resulting in a separation of electrical charge.

«It is as though the small ice particles in the D - ring suck up electrons from the ionosphere,» says Jan - Erik Wahlund.

Lightning results from the electrical fields that are created when ice particles in clouds rub together.

That process could hint at how big ice particles in plumes can grow.

In addition, he says, since CFCs are not particularly soluble in water, they would not be present in cloud - born ice particles in very high concentrations, so the mechanism Lu and Sanche propose would not dissociate enough CFCs to have a big impact on ozone levels.

Not exact matches

Cross-contamination can also occur if gluten - containing and gluten - free preparations are both made using certain utensils (such as pizza cutters, graters, ice cream scoops, etc.), even if those utensils have been washed, because they are hard to fully clean in a manner that ensures no food particles remain on the utensil.

Conventional methods of cutting the product tend to «push» the particles, affecting the appearance and causing the ice creams to be misaligned, resulting in increased waste further down the line.

Such a crust could have formed as energetic particles known as cosmic rays bombarded the object over its lifetime, creating an ice - free surface rich in organic compounds.

Professor Brilliantov from the University of Leicester's Department of Mathematics explained: «Saturn's rings are relatively well studied and it is known that they consist of ice particles ranging in size from centimetres to about ten metres.

Rain and snow often require tiny particles floating in the cloud to trigger ice to form, and not just any particle will do.

Dan Cziczo and colleagues of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington, created artificial clouds in the laboratory to explore the ice nucleation efficiency of various particles.

The particles of rock and ice in these belts vary in size from the tiniest dust grain, smaller than a millimetre across, up to asteroid - like bodies many kilometres in diameter [2].

The spatial deposition of sulfur particles in the bipolar ice cores, as calculated in the model, agrees well with the actually measured deposits of large volcanic eruptions, such as Pinatubo in 1991 or even of Tambora of 1815.

The reaction rate between atmospheric hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) is greatly enhanced in the presence of ice particles; HCl dissolves readily into ice, and the collisional reaction probability for ClONO2 on the surface of ice with HCl in the mole fraction range from ∼ 0.003 to 0.010 is in the range from ∼ 0.05 to 0.1 for temperatures near 200 K. Chlorine (Cl2) is released into the gas phase on a time scale of at most a few milliseconds, whereas nitric acid (HNO3), the other product, remains in the condensed phase.

And Prather may actually have underestimated the abundance of ice - forming biological particles in her samples.

As a foundational study, the research team investigated superionic ice treating the ions as if they were classical particles, but in future studies they plan to take quantum effects into account to further understand the properties of the material.

«If we know how volcanic sulfur particles affect the atmospheric winds, we can have a much improved interpretation of the traces of volcanic activities in the ice cores,» says Dr. Toohey.

While in the air, he tested the samples to see whether he could make the dust particles in them create ice nuclei again, inside his instrument.

But that year she teamed up with Paul DeMott, a cloud physicist from Colorado State University, to see if they could use the machine to identify the particles that form ice in clouds.

Cziczo argues that lead «supercharges» ice - nucleating dust particles in the atmosphere.

It's well known that particles in the atmosphere such as mineral dust, pollen, heavy metals and even bacteria can act as seeds for the nucleation of ice crystals.

The ability to essentially re-create in the aircraft what the researchers believed was happening out in the cloud further confirmed that the dust particles were creating ice nuclei.

Water droplets and ice crystals in the atmosphere condensed on the infusion of dust particles and settled into pouch - like formations due to wind currents.

Their stickiness makes it hard to get them through an inlet into a measuring device, but these compounds may play a significant role in the formation and alteration of aerosols, tiny airborne particles that can contribute to smog or to the nucleation of raindrops or ice crystals, affecting the Earth's climate.

Storm clouds become electrified when ice particles collide with each other and with unfrozen droplets in the cloud.

This is called alpenglow, and it happens because the sunlight reflects downward off snow, water, or ice particles low in the atmosphere.

These particles can build up electric charges faster than the soil can dissipate them and may cause sparking, particularly in the polar cold of permanently shadowed regions — unique lunar sites as cold as minus 240 degrees Celsius and known to contain water ice.

Measurements of salt particles in ice cores suggest that storminess rose toward the end of the occupation, perhaps making voyages to hunt and trade walrus ivory even more dangerous.

Only in the past few years have scientists begun to realize that some of the dark particles on the ice sheet are in fact these ice algae and not soot, Benning says.

Much of the dust deposit east of the Rockies arrived in the last ice age, which ended some 11,000 years ago, when particles that had been ground up and transported by glaciers were deposited by meltwater streams.

Although no one is sure what triggers their formation, one theory is that cosmic dust, or debris from burned - up meteors, seed the ice particles, which is plausible because meteors typically are incinerated in the upper mesosphere at about the same altitude where these clouds form.

Prather and her team use special single - particle mass spectrometers, which sample cloud droplets and ice crystals in real - time.

Even if the existence of magnetic monopoles as elementary particles remains a fundamental open question, condensed - matter physicists have managed to reproduce artificial versions of these exotic particles in rare - earth oxide crystals called «spin ices.»

A major key to what turns ordinary clouds into rainmakers in the first place is their ability to form ice crystals around the microscopic particles that invade and «seed» them, Prather said.

«In fact, many of the species we find in the ice crystals have these biological chemicals and are not simply dust particles.&raquIn fact, many of the species we find in the ice crystals have these biological chemicals and are not simply dust particles.&raquin the ice crystals have these biological chemicals and are not simply dust particles.»

Radar works by sending out radio waves that reflect off particles in the atmosphere, such as raindrops or ice or even insects and dust.

In high cirrus clouds, which consist purely of ice crystals, the researchers, however, came across a surprisingly strong reaction to laser irradiation: As described in PNAS, the laser pulses increase the number of ice particles by up to a factor of 100 within only a few secondIn high cirrus clouds, which consist purely of ice crystals, the researchers, however, came across a surprisingly strong reaction to laser irradiation: As described in PNAS, the laser pulses increase the number of ice particles by up to a factor of 100 within only a few secondin PNAS, the laser pulses increase the number of ice particles by up to a factor of 100 within only a few seconds.

IceCube, a giant particle detector buried in the polar ice, captures elusive, high - energy species of neutrinos — fundamental particles that fly straight through almost everything they touch.

The best explanation is that collisions between small ice particles and heavier gobs of slush called graupel tend to transfer electrical charge, but the role of this process in real clouds is not proven.

YOUTHFUL COMPANIONS Saturn's rings consist of water - ice particles — typically ranging in size from a few inches to many feet — that continually gather into clumps and drift apart again.

By analyzing this data over the following six months, the researchers found that clouds that grew at the lowest temperatures required extremely high relative humidity in order for water vapor to form an ice crystal around a dust particle.

In particular, none of the hypotheses about their origin explain why individual ring particles, which range in size from hailstones to small boulders, average between 90 % and 95 % icIn particular, none of the hypotheses about their origin explain why individual ring particles, which range in size from hailstones to small boulders, average between 90 % and 95 % icin size from hailstones to small boulders, average between 90 % and 95 % ice.

To see how quickly these particles are accumulating in the atmosphere, Carlo Barbante, an environmental chemist at the University of Venice, looked at snowpack and ice cores brought from Greenland.

A year and half ago, physicists working with the massive IceCube particle detector — a 3D array of 5160 light sensors buried kilometers deep in ice at the South Pole — spotted ghostly subatomic particles called neutrinos from beyond our galaxy.

Particles in the rings are on average much brighter than Chariklo's surface because they often collide, exposing fresh, bright ice; meanwhile, Chariklo itself continues to accumulate dust, he suggests.

Astrophysicists using a telescope embedded in Antarctic ice have succeeded in a quest to detect and record the mysterious phenomena known as cosmic neutrinos — nearly massless particles that stream to Earth at the speed of light from outside our solar system, striking the surface in a burst of energy that can be as powerful as a baseball pitcher's fastball.