Sentences with phrase «ice sheet surface for»

«Once the timing of equilibrium conditions for the Greenland Ice Sheet is verified, a detailed reconstruction for that period could serve as a steady - state ice sheet surface for initializing ice sheet models,» Csatho writes in the News and Views article.

Not exact matches

1) Mix flour, butter and icing sugar in a bowl using two knives to cut the butter until the mixture resembles fine breadcrumbs 2) Add in the egg yolks and vanilla extracts and mix well, then add iced water until the dough starts to come together 3) Shape the dough into a ball on a cool, flat, floured surface 4) Flatten dough into a disc and then wrap in plastic wrap, and chill in the refrigerator for at least 30 minutes 5) Meanwhile, peel, core and slice the apples into as thin slices as possible 6) Mix sugar and ground cinnamon powder with sliced apples and let it rest for a while 7) Pre-heat oven to 180 deg cel 8) Once dough has chilled, roll pastry dough on a sheet of parchment paper until it has expanded to the size of the tart mold (I used a rough mold the size of a large pizza) 9) Leaving at least an inch of dough free, arrange apple slices by overlapping them slightly in the shape of a circle, starting from the outermost part of the circle, until you reach the inside 10) Fold the edges of dough over the filling and then sprinkle the dough with a bit of sugar 11) Bake for about 40 - 45 minutes, or until the crust is golden brown and the apples are soft 12) Serve warm, with a side of whipped cream or ice cream (optional)

Stewart Jamieson from Durham University in England and his colleagues made the discovery by looking for subtle changes in the ice sheet's surface shapes, developed as a result of ice flowing over diverse topography.

In January 2005, for example, Ohio State University geophysicist Ralph von Frese and his colleagues noticed a concentration of higher - than - average - density material in the rock about a mile under the surface of the East Antarctic ice sheet.

Box pointed to nearly ice - sheet - wide melting on Greenland, with extensive surface melting documented for first time at the highest elevations of ice sheet, and the longest melt season since satellite observations began in 1979.

For millennia, Greenland's ice sheet reflected sunlight back into space, but satellite measurements in recent years suggest the bright surface is darkening, causing solar heat to be absorbed and surface melting to accelerate.

Again, Monckton must surely know full well that for the last 25 - 30 years satellite temperature measurement of sea and land surface have replaced terrestrial temperature station measurements in many cases since these give a much greater coverage (70 % of the surface of the Earth is water... it's difficult to put weather stations on top of ice sheets etc.!)

Estimates from the National Snow and Ice Data Center indicate that roughly half the ice sheet's surface is melting, well above the average of around 25 percent for this time of yeIce Data Center indicate that roughly half the ice sheet's surface is melting, well above the average of around 25 percent for this time of yeice sheet's surface is melting, well above the average of around 25 percent for this time of year.

This bundle contains 11 ready - to - use Ice Age Worksheets that are perfect for students who want to learn more about An ice age which is a period of long - term reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glacieIce Age Worksheets that are perfect for students who want to learn more about An ice age which is a period of long - term reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glacieice age which is a period of long - term reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glacieice sheets and alpine glaciers.

The new graphics system provided by the brand new Gepard3 Engine allowed developer Stormregion to create a large variety of different surfaces such as, for example, reflecting puddles which disappear over time, vehicles which become wet with rain or glistening sheets of ice.

Richard B. Alley, an expert on Greenland's ice sheet at Penn State, told me it's still possible that flows of meltwater from surface lakes could start large areas of ice moving seaward, particularly if the melt zones continue to expand inland as they have been doing for years now.

What is still contentious is what the result implies for the YD climate change and the megafaunal extinctions, incorporating the ideas of both the broad large scale cometary debris impact scenario at low grazing angles, and the direct asteroidal impact into water and ice covered surfaces, and all that implies with the ice sheet disruptions, megatsunamis and the ozone layer and atmospheric effects and disruption that are possible in these events.

The trait, he proposed, comes to the surface when such people confront strong messaging on the need for emissions reductions amid enduringly murky science on what's driving some particular extreme environmental phenomenon in the world — whether a brief period of widespread melting on the Greenland ice sheet, a potent drought, a tornado outbreak or the extreme event of the moment, the hybrid nor» easter / hurricane known on Twitter as #Frankenstorm.

For the latest on Greenland's ice conditions, visit Current Surface Mass Budget of the Greenland Ice Sheet, a website maintained by the Danish Meteorological Instituice conditions, visit Current Surface Mass Budget of the Greenland Ice Sheet, a website maintained by the Danish Meteorological InstituIce Sheet, a website maintained by the Danish Meteorological Institute.

They offered a conclusion that the «coupling between surface melting and ice - sheet flow provides a mechanism for rapid, large - scale, dynamic responses of ice sheets to climate warming».

My concern is how clean an ablating ice sheet surface will remain after it has been ablating for several decades.

If a negative surface mass balance were sustained for millennia, that would lead to virtually complete elimination of the Greenland ice sheet and a resulting contribution to sea level rise of about 7 m.

• Current global model studies project that the Antarctic ice sheet will remain too cold for widespread surface melting and is expected to gain in mass due to increased snowfall.

Jason Box is one of the most prominent scientists working on Greenland and he has a recent paper reconstructing Greenland temperatures for the period 1840 - 2007 (Box, Jason E., Lei Yang, David H. Bromwich, Le - Sheng Bai, 2009: Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Air Temperature Variability: 1840 — 2007.

Past climates have left records in ice and ocean - sediment cores that provide some of the best available evidence.1 A couple of kilometres beneath the surface of the Antarctic and Greenland ice - sheets lies ice which has been there for tens of thousands of years.

«Poptech must have some strange reason for including Steig et al. 2009, Warming of the Antarctic ice - sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year.

All ice types, including massive ice sheets, mountain glaciers and Arctic sea ice (frozen sea - surface), are for the most part melting far faster than predicted three years ago.

Across the full surface of the Antarctic ice sheet, that error works out to plus or minus 175 km3 — plus about the same again for the sea ice extent.

Once it's trapped, it can go to a myriad of places - land surface, oceans, ice shelves, ice sheets, glaciers for example.»

«Establishing such a steady - state surface is a prerequisite for deriving projections of future ice sheet evolution that are more credible than currently available projections.»

DMI says, The surface mass balance is calculated over a year from September 1st to August 31st (the end of the melt season) For the 2016 - 17 SMB year, which ended yesterday, the ice sheet had gained 544bn tonnes of ice, compared to an average for 1981 - 2010 of 368bn tonnFor the 2016 - 17 SMB year, which ended yesterday, the ice sheet had gained 544bn tonnes of ice, compared to an average for 1981 - 2010 of 368bn tonnfor 1981 - 2010 of 368bn tonnes.

''... the world today is on the verge of a level of global warming for which the equilibrium surface air temperature response on the ice sheets will exceed the global mean temperature increase by much more than a factor of two.»

He says that even if methane hydrates were resting beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet, and they became destabilized and started bubbling methane up through the seawater to the surface, it would take hundreds of years for these methane reserves to have a detectable impact on global climate.

For humanity itself, the greatest threat is the likely demise of the West Antarctic ice sheet as it is attacked from below by a warming ocean and above by increased surface melt.

Although the study did not find a significant change in the elevation of the interior East Antarctic Ice Sheet, it shows for the first time that the thinning of the Totten glacier in that region extends to the point where the ice meets the land surface below, known as the grounding liIce Sheet, it shows for the first time that the thinning of the Totten glacier in that region extends to the point where the ice meets the land surface below, known as the grounding liice meets the land surface below, known as the grounding line.

This is in this: The Cryosphere Estimation of the Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance for the 20th and 21st centuries X. Fettweis1, E. Hanna2, H. Gall» ee3, P. Huybrechts4, and M. Erpicum1

Not only did Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt in 2012 occur over a bigger - than - average area, it also began about two weeks earlier at lower elevations and, for any given elevation, lasted longer.

For example, if ice sheet mass loss becomes rapid, it is conceivable that the cold fresh water added to the ocean could cause regional surface cooling [199], perhaps even at a point when sea level rise has only reached a level of the order of a meter [200].

The excuse for being unable to detect it at the surface is that it's hiding away in the deep oceans — yet it's melting the ice sheets!

A major consideration is the potential for a slowdown or stop of the AMOC in response to freshwater from the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which lowers the density of the surface waters and puts the brakes on the thermohaline component of the AMOC.

Bamber has recalculated the critical threshold temperature for ice sheet melting by forcing two surface mass balance models with real future climate.

To say nothing of the warming trends also noticed in, for example: * ocean heat content * wasting glaciers * Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheet mass loss * sea level rise due to all of the above * sea surface temperatures * borehole temperatures * troposphere warming (with stratosphere cooling) * Arctic sea ice reductions in volume and extent * permafrost thawing * ecosystem shifts involving plants, animals and insects

Furthermore, IPCC just as clearly states «Current global model studies project that the Antarctic ice sheet will remain too cold for widespread surface melting and is expected to gain in mass due to increased snowfall.»

One implication is that if humans burn most of the fossil fuels, thus injecting into the atmosphere an amount of CO2 at least comparable to that injected during the PETM, the CO2 would stay in the surface carbon reservoirs (atmosphere, ocean, soil, biosphere) for tens of thousands of years, long enough for the atmosphere, ocean and ice sheets to fully respond to the changed atmospheric composition.

So all it takes is some surface reconstructions and some flux data from a crude GCM to provide a test for a continental scale model of ice sheets that incorporate basic physics and include the Schoof mechanism.

Icebergs much larger than this have broken off the Antarctic Peninsula, and there is good evidence that warming of the surface air temperature is responsible for at least some of these (though warmer water temperatures, and simply the internal dynamics of ice sheets also play a role).

With a step change in temperature at the surface of the ice sheet, and assuming a constant thickness of 2 km, the time required for the mid-point of the ice sheet to reflect only 50 % absorption of the energy reflecting the temperature increase is... 159.5 years.

The average surface air temperature for the year ending September 2017 is the 2nd warmest since 1900; however, cooler spring and summer temperatures contributed to a rebound in snow cover in the Eurasian Arctic, slower summer sea ice loss, and below - average melt extent for the Greenland ice sheet.

According to the report, «Contraction of the Greenland ice sheet is projected to continue to contribute to sea level rise after 2100,» and» [i] f a negative surface mass balance were sustained for millennia, that would lead to virtually complete elimination of the Greenland ice sheet and a resulting contribution to sea level rise of about 7 m,» which is equivalent to approximately 23 feet.

«The grounding line is buried under a thousand or more meters of ice, so it is incredibly challenging for a human observer on the ice sheet surface to figure out exactly where the transition is,» Rignot explained in a NASA news release.

The observed effects of cryosphere reduction include modification of river regimes due to enhanced glacial melt, snowmelt advance and enhanced winter base flow; formation of thermokarst terrain and disappearance of surface lakes in thawing permafrost; decrease in potential travel days of vehicles over frozen roads in the Arctic; enhanced potential for glacier hazards and slope instability due to mechanical weakening driven by ice and permafrost melting; regional ocean freshening; sea - level rise due to glacier and ice sheet shrinkage; biotic colonisation and faunal changes in deglaciated terrain; changes in freshwater and marine ecosystems affected by lake - ice and sea - ice reduction; changes in livelihoods; reduced tourism activities related to skiing, ice climbing and scenic activities in cryospheric areas affected by degradation; and increased ease of ship transportation in the Arctic.

For example, the initial development of a continental ice sheet increases albedo over a portion of Earth, reducing surface absorption of sunlight and leading to further cooling.

For an annual - and area - average warming exceeding Embedded Image in Greenland and Embedded Image in the global average, the net surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet becomes negative, in which case it is likely that the ice sheet would eventually be eliminated, raising global - average sea level by 7 m.