Sentences with phrase «ice surfaces within»

Not exact matches

And, whimsy did surface with the dessert course when we ordered «The Cloud» — a flaming cotton candy dessert comprised of Angel food cake topped with white chocolate cremeux, strawberry ice cream, strawberry compote, and whipped cream all ensconced within a cloud of cotton candy.

This indicates that while water ice is not at the comet's surface, it lies just beneath, within its upper metres.

The new ice - scarp studies confirm indications from fresh - crater and neutron - spectrometer observations that a layer rich in water ice begins within just one or two yards of the surface in some areas.

The region's birth in a giant impact must have excavated so much ice from Pluto's surface that watery slush welled up from deeper within, plumping up to form a heavy, planetary - scale bruise beneath the thinner crust.

Schimdt has found evidence that warm ocean currents and convective forces beneath Europa's frozen shell can cause large blocks of ice to overturn and melt, bringing vast pockets of water, sometimes holding as much liquid as all of the Great Lakes combined, to within several kilometers of the moon's icy surface.

The team's computer simulation of the glacierlike flow within each mass suggests that the surface ice moves horizontally at no more than a few centimeters each year, which nevertheless is quick enough to totally resurface each polygonal cell every 500,000 years or so.

Those very steep spots would not be good landing sites for humans or rovers, but they suggest that nearby regions might have accessible ice within a meter or two of the surface.

There are more open water leads within the ice, and the surface melt of the sea ice is more intensive than before.

Within four days, more than 90 percent of the ice's surface had begun to melt — the most since satellite tracking began in 1979.

Bacteria, however, have remained Earth's most successful form of life — found miles deep below as well as within and on surface rock, within and beneath the oceans and polar ice, floating in the air, and within as well as on Homo sapiens sapiens; and some Arctic thermophiles apparently even have life - cycle hibernation periods of up to a 100 million years while waiting for warmer conditions underneath increasing layers of sea sediments (Lewis Dartnell, New Scientist, September 20, 2010; and Hubert et al, 2010).

The peroxide is created by the intense radiation processing of Europa's surface ice that comes from the moon's location within Jupiter's strong magnetic field.

«Adding these small - scale deposits to the large deposits within craters adds significantly to the surface ice inventory on Mercury.»

Dr. Bruce Kay and his colleagues are applying and extending molecular - beam surface scattering techniques to ice surfaces to examine the chemical kinetics and reaction dynamics of molecular processes occurring both on the surface and within the bulk of amorphous and crystalline ice films.

As life heats up (literally if you consider that in September climate scientists announced that Arctic sea ice has shrunk to its smallest surface area since 1979, and an ice - free summer in the Arctic may now happen within the next few years, not the next centu...

When the top of the periscope came within sixty feet of the surface, he spotted heavy ice to the side.

You can make them go down just as easily by increasing that aerosol forcing within it's uncertainty bounds and the earlier «ice - age» model projections did exactly that — using surface temperature as a target.

We quantify sea - level commitment in the baseline case by building on Levermann et al. (10), who used physical simulations to model the SLR within a 2,000 - y envelope as the sum of the contributions of (i) ocean thermal expansion, based on six coupled climate models; (ii) mountain glacier and ice cap melting, based on surface mass balance and simplified ice dynamic models; (iii) Greenland ice sheet decay, based on a coupled regional climate model and ice sheet dynamic model; and (iv) Antarctic ice sheet decay, based on a continental - scale model parameterizing grounding line ice flux in relation to temperature.

This estimate was refined by Hansen and Nazarenko (2004), who used measured BC concentrations within snow and ice at a wide range of geographic locations to deduce the perturbation to the surface and planetary albedo, deriving an RF of +0.15 W mâ $ «2.

SHEBA observations of the evolution of temperature over the course of winter within the atmosphere (red), at the snow surface (black), at the top of the sea ice (green), and at the ocean surface beneath the sea ice (blue).

Researchers have repeatedly found evidence of an acceleration of melting, in some cases by looking at what is happening within the ice or on the surface, or by taking a new look at satellite data.

''... worked with two sediment cores they extracted from the seabed of the eastern Norwegian Sea, developing a 1000 - year proxy temperature record «based on measurements of δ18O in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, a planktonic foraminifer that calcifies at relatively shallow depths within the Atlantic waters of the eastern Norwegian Sea during late summer,» which they compared with the temporal histories of various proxies of concomitant solar activity... This work revealed, as the seven scientists describe it, that «the lowest isotope values (highest temperatures) of the last millennium are seen ~ 1100 - 1300 A.D., during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, and again after ~ 1950 A.D.» In between these two warm intervals, of course, were the colder temperatures of the Little Ice Age, when oscillatory thermal minima occurred at the times of the Dalton, Maunder, Sporer and Wolf solar minima, such that the δ18O proxy record of near - surface water temperature was found to be «robustly and near - synchronously correlated with various proxies of solar variability spanning the last millennium,» with decade - to century - scale temperature variability of 1 to 2 °C magnitude.»

Sea surface temperatures were warm in coast areas, but near - freezing in the open water areas within the ice pack, which is expected given the recent ice melt in that region (Figure 7).

Anomalous cyclonic atmospheric circulation throughout the Arctic Basin during June has continued to precondition sea ice, making the ice cover vulnerable to a precipitous drop in sea ice extent; however the persistence of the June cyclonic circulation (and cloudiness associated with the surface lows) has induced divergence within the sea ice cover, and has delayed the onset of the rapid sea ice extent decline typically observed in June.

The area around the North Pole is ice - covered — an assumption confirmed by many airborne and ice - surface expeditions — but researchers use an average of the concentration just outside the gap to estimate the extent within.

What Alley skips over so glibly is all of the complicated processes that go on within the ice sheet, starting from the highest level where new snow coats the surface and continuing down into the debths through the compacting firn into the «solid» ice beneath.

b) volumetric effects — change in the volume of water contained in the oceans and the geometry and areal extent of the ocean basins c) gravitational effects — change in the gravitational attraction of the earth (induced by deformation), by the change in distribution of ice and by the change in self - attraction of the water d) rotational effects — change in the moment of inertia caused by a change in the distribution of mass within the earth and on its surface.

Where meltwater forms on the ice - shelf surface, it can wedge open crevasses and cause ice - shelf disintegration, much like a line of balanced dominoes falling over, which has been observed to occur within weeks in the rapidly warming Antarctic Peninsula region (e.g., MacAyeal et al., 2003).

As you'll be well aware, surface air temperatures can easily change by 10 C within a day, for large bodies of ice to melt, or sea water to warm would take centuries.

Severinghaus played several roles in the NEEM project, but his principal contribution was to determine the extent of surface melting of the ice sheet using the ratios of certain gases trapped within bubbles in the ice.

These are mathematical representations of interactions within and among the sun, atmosphere, oceans, land surface, ice, and even vegetation.