Sentences with phrase «ice thickness over»

Using Envisat radar altimeter data, scientists from the Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling at University College London (UCL) measured sea ice thickness over the Arctic from 2002 to 2008 and found that it had been fairly constant until the record loss of ice in the summer of 2007.

At Twitter Kirye posted an excellent GIF animation to compare Arctic sea ice thickness over the past 10 years:

Along with a more than 42 % decrease in multiyear (MY) ice coverage since 2005, there was a remarkable thinning of ∼ 0.6 m in MY ice thickness over 4 years.

Not exact matches

Set the ice cream on one wafer press down gently with a second wafer to spread the ice cream over the whole wafer to a thickness of about 1/2 -3 / 4 inch.

Developing an understanding of how ice sheets are changing over time requires precise measurements of the thickness of the ice sheets and accurate mapping of the bedrock below.

The thickness of the ice, and its overall volume, may be a more important measure of what is happening in the Arctic over the long term, even though it is not as simple to measure, said Overland.

But, as the thickness of the ice over the volcano (between 100 and 400 meters) and the volume of lava are both unknown, it's also unclear whether an eruption will break through the ice, or whether it will remain subglacial.

Together with his AWI colleague Dr Stefan Hendricks, they evaluated the sea ice thickness measurements taken over the past five winters by the CyroSat - 2 satellite for their sea ice projection.

«It may even be possible to predict sea ice cover a year in advance with high - quality observations of sea ice thickness and snow cover over the whole Arctic,» said Cecilia Bitz, co-author and professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Washington.

Previous observations of the thickness of Antarctic sea ice produced a mean draught — the depth between the waterline and the bottom of the ice sheet — of around 1 meter; the new work gives a mean draught of over 3 meters.

For their work Maksym and co-investigators Guy Williams from the University of Hobart, Tasmania and Jeremy Wilkinson of the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge, UK, used a robot known as an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to cruise under ice in three regions near the coast and measure the thickness directly over a much larger area.

Hu's experiments, for example, show everything from the thickness of ice as it flows over a wing, the heat transfer of individual water droplets as they freeze, the irregular speed of freezing droplets on a wing or blade and the finger - like patterns of ice formation.

While bristling over the personal nature of Greenberg's attack, he insists that he is far from dogmatic on the issue of ice thickness.

From an altitude of just over 700 km, CryoSat will precisely monitor changes in the thickness of sea ice and variations in the thickness of the ice sheets on land.

A new study led by Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego researchers has revealed that the thickness of Antarctica's floating ice shelves has recently decreased by as much as 18 percent in certain areas over...

These attempted to determine how ice thicknesses, temperatures and gas - hydrate stability likely changed over tens of thousands of years.

10 - 43761 D.Young, D.Blankenship, S.Kempf, E.Quartini, G.Muldoon, E.Powell Ice thickness and related data over central Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica (GIMBLE)

Progress towards establishing ice thickness records from satellite (ICESat, Envisat, and CryoSat - 2) will change this over time, but these sources won't yield a record before these measurements began and satellite retrievals of ice thickness have their own issues.

We find a consistent decreasing trend in Arctic Ocean sea ice thickness since 1979, and a steady decline in the Eastern Arctic Ocean over the full 40 - year period of comparison that accelerated after 1980, but the predictions of Western Arctic Ocean sea ice thickness between 1962 and 1980 differ substantially.

But the thickness and melting of the ice is not uniform over the whole Arctic, so some residual ice will probably remain north of Greenland and around some of the islands.

Some commentators have made much of longer - term trends in ice thickness, but there, too, winds and patterns of atmospheric pressure have played a powerful role over longer time spans.

IceBridge data are collected from aircraft that fly over the ice cover carrying a suite of instruments, including altimeters that can directly measure ice thickness above the surface.

Although the Arctic Ocean is typically mostly covered by ice, both the thickness and extent of summer sea ice in the Arctic have shown a dramatic decline over the past thirty years, satellite measurements have found.

The thickness of Arctic sea ice has also been on a steady decline over the last several decades.

An editorial in The Time magazine on June 24, 1974, quoted concerned scientists as voicing alarm over the atmosphere «growing gradually cooler for the past three decades», «the unexpected persistence and thickness of pack ice in the waters around Iceland,» and other harbingers of an ice age that could prove «catastrophic.»

Over the sea ice field the observations include: sea ice freeboard height and hence sea ice thickness from radar altimetry; sea ice surface temperature and sea ice drift from respectively infrared radiometer and imaging spectrometer under cloud free conditions.

Peter Wadhams, President of the International Association on Sea Ice and Head of the Polar Ocean Physics Group / Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, says: «It is quite urgent that we recognize what is going on... the ice has been getting thinner over the last 40 years since I have been measuring it, and it has lost about one - half of its thickness... five years ago the shrinkage started to acceleraIce and Head of the Polar Ocean Physics Group / Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, says: «It is quite urgent that we recognize what is going on... the ice has been getting thinner over the last 40 years since I have been measuring it, and it has lost about one - half of its thickness... five years ago the shrinkage started to acceleraice has been getting thinner over the last 40 years since I have been measuring it, and it has lost about one - half of its thickness... five years ago the shrinkage started to accelerate.

Aerial thickness surveys and ground - based sampling in the western Beaufort and eastern Chukchi Sea in April this year indicate that level ice in the region is well over 3 m thick and strong (due to low salt content; www.sizonet.org).

On page 16 here: https://curryja.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/sea-ice-physical-processes.pdf There is the «Annual cycle of net surface heat flux for various ice thicknesses» Roughly interpolating the no sea ice flux I got an average of — 310 Wm2 over the course of a year.

That situation changed during recent weeks when two scientific papers broke the news that some of West Antarctica's glaciers had lost upwards of a half a kilometer of ice thickness due to contact with warm ocean waters over the past decade.

Therefore, due to entirely natural variations in spring snow conditions over sea ice (and thickness of the ice), 2 polar bear population sizes can vary by region.

Poitou & Bréon do not explain why the ice pack volume would be relevant for the albedo; according to Haas (2005)[47] the changes of the thickness of the sea ice are small since they are correctly measured by an airborne radio apparatus, only over the Arctic.

These in turn suggest that decreases in ice thickness of < 30 cm may be attributable to this flux, rather than to the supposed consequence of a warming atmosphere over the Arctic Ocean.

In response to your question I would refer you to my comment above Dave Wendt (14:39:39): where I discuss the Rigor and Wallace paper of 2004 which demonstrated that the decline in sea ice age and thickness began with a shift in state in Beaufort Gyre and the TransPolar Drift in 1989 which resulted in multiyear ice declining from over 80 % of the Arctic to 30 % in about one year and that the persistence of that pattern has been responsible for the continuing decline.

April 1, 2009 Sea ice cover over the Arctic Ocean typically reaches its maximum geographic extent and thickness just as spring begins in the Northern Hemisphere.

The agency's six - year Operation IceBridge mission conducts flights over the Arctic to measure ice thickness using laser instruments.

Most of the Arctic Ocean is over 1000 m deep and is continuously covered with ice whose thickness varies between 1 - 10 m.

Data also show that the ice pack over the entire Arctic Ocean has in recent decades been shrinking in area and thickness.

According to scientific measurements, both the thickness and extent of summer sea ice in the Arctic have shown a dramatic decline over the past thirty years.

It is very difficult to assess ice cover or ice thickness changes over a longer period, before 1978.

In addition, records from Russian coastal stations show the extent and thickness of sea ice has varied greatly over 60 - to 80 - year periods during the last 125 years.

There is a lot of ice in Antarctica; in some places the ice thickness reaches well over 4 km.

Based on the understanding of both the physical processes that control key climate feedbacks (see Section 8.6.3), and also the origin of inter-model differences in the simulation of feedbacks (see Section 8.6.2), the following climate characteristics appear to be particularly important: (i) for the water vapour and lapse rate feedbacks, the response of upper - tropospheric RH and lapse rate to interannual or decadal changes in climate; (ii) for cloud feedbacks, the response of boundary - layer clouds and anvil clouds to a change in surface or atmospheric conditions and the change in cloud radiative properties associated with a change in extratropical synoptic weather systems; (iii) for snow albedo feedbacks, the relationship between surface air temperature and snow melt over northern land areas during spring and (iv) for sea ice feedbacks, the simulation of sea ice thickness.

NASA satellites have seen the minimum summertime sea ice coverage decline by 13 percent over the last three decades, along with a decline in sea ice thickness.

The Arctic coastal regions of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas generally are covered with shore - fast ice for about eight months, but over the past two decades, sea ice extent and thickness have diminished.

Recall the long - term military submarine record of decreasing seasonal Arctic sea ice thickness that was kept secret for over a decade?

The research, reported in Geophysical Research Letters, showed that last winter the average thickness of sea ice over the whole Arctic fell by 26 cm (10 %) compared with the average thickness of the previous five winters, but sea ice in the western Arctic lost around 49 cm of thickness.

The team, including Dr Seymour Laxon and Andy Ridout, was the first to measure ice thickness throughout the Arctic winter, from October to March, over more than half of the Arctic.

And scientists from NASA recently flew a series of missions over the Arctic during the IceBridge project, to study details of Arctic sea ice thickness as well as changing glaciers in Greenland.

Last winter the average thickness of sea ice over the whole Arctic fell by 26 cm (10 %) compared with the average thickness of the previous five winters, but sea ice in the western Arctic lost around 49 cm of thickness.