For a long time now, especially among educators, there has, in fact, been an influential school of thought at war with the very
idea of human nature.
For the show at Wunderkammern, Faith47 will present graphite and ink on paper artworks, as well as a video installation, from the new series 7.83 HZ Frequency which focuses on
the ideas of human nature, sensitivity, and intimate relations.
Not exact matches
The
idea that these grand concepts can not be scaled up cheaply or quickly due to physics or other severe limitations
of Nature is anathema to a faith in the unconquerable power
of human ingenuity and open markets.
It's
human nature for people to present a good
idea and then try to make sure that from that point forward, they're the sole owner and controller
of that
idea.
It ought to come as no surprise, then, that these
ideas might be carried further, so that
human beings, as merely part
of nature, could also be regarded as natural objects for manipulation.
That is, we must establish a new concept based on a balance between these two
ideas, thereby achieving an interpretation
of the harmonious relationship that is aspired to between
human being and the rest
of nature.
But though I will argue for this teleological view
of nature and
human nature from empirical premises and from reason, my purpose here is not to debate or attempt to prove this point, but rather to illustrate how some teleological understanding
of nature and
human nature is a necessary premise for the
idea of environmental stewardship.
People often can not understand the question
of human nature because their way
of understanding it is framed (whether they know it or not) by the
ideas of positivist empiricism.
Thus, the highly variable characteristics
of both individual
human beings and particular
human societies flow from rather than contradict the
idea that we
human beings have a stable
nature.
Later the
idea gained ground that we can not «speak
of nature apart from
human perception in the historical development
of knowledge», that all knowledge is «a creative interaction between the known and the knower» and that therefore there is no System
of scientific knowledge or
of technology which does not have the subjective purposes and faith - presuppositions
of humans built into it.
Indeed, the classical Aristotelian
nature and the Christian
idea of the
human being as body and soul united as an indivisible and integrated whole are excluded from the outset.
As an Enlightenment
idea, «academic freedom» is usually associated with a rationale that depends on a particular view
of human nature.
Oh, the Calvinists could make perfect sense
of it all with a wave
of a hand and a swift, confident explanation about how Zarmina had been born in sin and likely predestined to spend eternity in hell to the glory
of an angry God (they called her a «vessel
of destruction»); about how I should just be thankful to be spared the same fate since it's what I deserve anyway; about how the Asian tsunami was just another one
of God's temper tantrums sent to remind us all
of His rage at our sin; about how I need not worry because «there is not one maverick molecule in the universe» so every hurricane, every earthquake, every war, every execution, every transaction in the slave trade, every rape
of a child is part
of God's sovereign plan, even God's
idea; about how my objections to this paradigm represented unrepentant pride and a capitulation to humanism that placed too much inherent value on my fellow
human beings; about how my intuitive sense
of love and morality and right and wrong is so corrupted by my sin
nature I can not trust it.
When, for example, at first in the 19th century down to Pius XII the Church adopted a very reserved attitude to any inclusion
of the
human bios in the
idea of evolution, that was motivated, and rightly so, by a fundamental conception
of the
nature of man which for good reasons required to be defended.
The
idea of a universal, shared
human nature receives more attention in The Human Quest than does any o
human nature receives more attention in The
Human Quest than does any o
Human Quest than does any other.
The series» second major
idea is that the Stone Age adaptations bequeathed to us a shared
human nature that is fundamental to both our scientific understanding and our sense
of moral challenge.
Other statements, notably various declarations issued from 1969 to 1989 by the National Conference
of Catholic Bishops in the U.S. and a 1984 statement by the Chinese Catholic bishops, appeal instead to the
nature of the
human person and the
idea that life begins at conception.
Study
of Scripture through the filter
of man's biases results in the type
of man - centered
ideas proferred by Baden, like «God learns to accept their inherently evil
nature», and
humans «are the only species that can give him what he wants — which, in the view
of Genesis, is bloody, burned animal sacrifices», and «it is, rather, our job to make ourselves uncomfortable that he might be appeased.»
Both describe a kind
of isolated individualism that is a
human construction that would require constant technological maintenance against the real impulses
of nature — a world so unnatural or unerotic that people would even be repulsed by the
idea of natural reproduction.
There are a lot
of aspects to
human nature that run counter to the
idea of a species trying to survive.
The Holocaust was, in largest part, the consequence
of ideas about
human nature,
human rights, the imperatives
of history and scientific progress, the character
of law, the bonds and obligations
of political community.
The
idea was that, just as all bodies are governed by the law
of gravitation and organisms by biological laws, so the creature called man also had his law - with this great difference, that a body could not choose whether it obeyed the law
of gravitation or not, but a man could choose either to obey the Law
of Human Nature or to disobey it.
Also in the face
of the ecological disaster created by the modern
ideas of total separation
of humans from
nature and
of the unlimited technological exploitation
of nature, it is proper for primal vision to demand, not an undifferentiated unity
of God, humanity and
nature or to go back to the traditional worship
of nature - spirits, but to seek a spiritual framework
of unity in which differentiation may go along with a relation
of responsible participatory interaction between them, enabling the development
of human community in accordance with the Divine purpose and with reverence for the community
of life on earth and in harmony with
nature's cycles to sustain and renew all life continuously.
Any
idea of going back to the pattern or world - view
of traditional societies either primal or medieval or even early modern is doing violence to the historical
nature and social becoming
of human beings.
Once they are unmasked, shown for what they really are, religious belief and the
idea of God can be useful instruments
of human self - understanding, revealing to us our essential
nature and worth.
Adopting the insight
of first - wave theorists, they extend to
human nature itself the
idea that
nature is subject to
human conquest.
The second wave — developed largely by various historicist schools
of thought, especially in the nineteenth century — replaced belief in the
idea of a fixed
human nature with a belief in
human «plasticity» and capacity for moral progress and transformation.
«We are deceivers, yet true in clinging to the
idea of the fall as a symbol
of the origin and the
nature of evil in
human life.»
It first displaced the
idea of a natural order to which humanity is subject and thereafter the very notion
of human nature itself.
Though not directly stated anywhere, Peter Enns appears to be a proponent
of the
idea that the Bible is a library
of books written by various authors from various theological perspectives, who are in dialogue with each other over the
nature of God and what the
human response to Him should be.
This optimistic approach to man's virtue and the problem
of evil expresses itself philosophically as the
idea of progress in history.17 The empirical method
of modern culture has been successful in understanding
nature; but, when applied to an understanding
of human nature, it was blind to some obvious facts about
human nature that simpler cultures apprehended by the wisdom
of common sense.
Niebuhr's antipathy toward any form
of inherited sin reflected his fear that it would mitigate responsibility; hence he writes: «the theory
of an inherited second
nature is as clearly destructive
of the
idea of responsibility for sin as rationalistic and dualistic theories which attribute
human evil to the inertia
of nature» (NDM 262).
A critical reader may suspect that this
idea grew out
of later reflection and served an apologetic interest; yet it is true to
human nature and experience.
His
ideas regarding God's responsive involvement in the world, his ever - changing action upon it and reaction to it, and his own enrichment through history and
human creativity must surely be accepted by Christians as authentic insights into the
nature of the living God.
Indeed all these
ideas do become without meaning if the
human person, the «I,» who is first
of all concerned, is looked at from without, if the «I» is described as one can describe in general propositions the
nature of a
human being; if, as usually results, the individual man is regarded as a specimen
of the genus homo.
This world
of ours is a new world, in which the unity
of knowledge, the
nature of human communities, the order
of society, the order
of ideas, the very notions
of society and culture have changed and will not return to what they have been in the past.
In this view, when the primitive
idea of God, which was based on the personification
of powers
of nature, vanishes gradually behind the infinitude
of the causal sequence, the concept
of God gains in coherence and consistency in proportion as it achieves a firm position in connection with the claims and needs
of the
human spirit, and becomes the «irreducible coefficient
of the achievement
of moral processes in self - consciousness.»
After writing that article, since I am a philosopher interested in practical reason and, in any case, a student
of human nature, I wondered what could have made these invitations seem like a good
idea to someone.
He argued doggedly against «democratism,» the
idea that majorities are always right, because he believed that democracy was the characteristically modern form
of political idolatry, based on a flattery
of fallen
human nature.
Nevertheless, we must question the theological legitimacy
of his tying the
idea of revelation so closely to
human freedom, or for that matter to
human history, without connecting it also to an updated view
of nature.
The balance
of nature is a Romantic
idea of a pristine order before
human influence, reflecting some notion
of baseline stability, i.e., «the way things were.»
Calvin understood that doubt was a part
of the faith experience, because
human nature itself finds
ideas about God and His goodness so outside
of what we can understand: «For unbelief is so deeply rooted in our hearts, and we are so inclined to it, that not without hard struggle is each one able to persuade himself
of what all confess with the mouth: namely, that God is faithful.»
In September, Time magazine organized a debate between Collins and Dawkins which touched on all the crucial issues: the false
idea that science and faith should be held as not overlapping; the place
of Darwinian evolution in the plan
of God; the fine - tuning
of the physical constants
of nature; the literal interpretation
of Genesis; the place
of miracles including the incarnation and the resurrection
of Jesus; and the origin
of the moral law within the
human heart.
Just as physics generalizes variables
of movement so that they can apply not only to a
human hunter and his fleeing prey, but also to stars, planets, atoms, and photons, so psychics needs to generalize such
ideas as feeling, perceiving, remembering, anticipating, intending, liking and disliking, so that they can apply not only to animals, but even to the real individual constituents
of the vegetable and mineral portions
of nature.
If
human experience is genuinely a part
of nature, and if there be only one type
of actual entity within
nature (an
idea whose truth - value must finally be verified heuristically), then, since it is that part
of nature one knows most intimately, it provides the best starting point for finding principles that can be generalized to all actual entities.
This is the
idea that as
human history progressed, God revealed more and more
of Himself to humanity, so that the later portions
of Scripture more accurately reveal the true
nature of God than the earlier portions (see chapters 2, 11).
The three books — Science and the Modern World, Process and Reality, Adventures
of Ideas — are an endeavor to express a way 0f understanding the
nature of things, and to point out how that way
of understanding is illustrated by a survey
of the mutations
of human experience.
For those who have the patience, the chief reward
of Participant Observer is a first - hand account
of the wars
of ideas about
human nature that have dominated much
of the intellectual history
of the past half century.
«This world
of ours is a new world,» wrote Robert Oppenheimer in 1963, «in which the unity
of knowledge, the
nature of human communities, the order
of society, the order
of ideas, the very notions
of society and culture have changed and will not return to what they have been in the past» (Saturday Review
of Literature, June 29, 1963, p. 11).
10 Certain recent discussions
of environmental ethics, dealing with «respect for
nature» (where
nature is not necessarily limited to the realm
of living things), reflect some affinities with Hall's
ideas on «deference» and seem to pose a challenge to my suggestion that the pursuit
of power over
nature should be criticized primarily in terms
of its negative effects on
human values and experiences.