The rectal examination may reveal thickening of the wall of the urethra or trigone region of the bladder, enlargement of
iliac lymph nodes, mass in the bladder or a distended bladder.
Other testing methods can include a parathyroid hormone test, or an exploratory laparotomy if
the iliac lymph nodes are enlarged.
A complete clinical work - up includes: Complete blood count (CBC), serum chemistry panel (including calcium levels), urinalysis, thoracic radiographs (3 views) and abdominal ultrasound (especially sublumbar /
iliac lymph nodes).