This essay was prepared for a forthcoming book on
the impact of law on the U.S. economy.
Dee also spoke with Education Next about why it is difficult to assess
the impact of the law on student learning in this interview.
Districts: Los Angeles Unified School District; Chicago Public Schools; New York City Public Schools; DeKalb County, GA; Fresno, CA; Mesa, AZ; Washington Elementary District, AZ; Buffalo, NY; Atlanta, GA; Arlington, VA; and Richmond, VA.) The states and districts were chosen to reflect the diversity of the country and to examine with special care
the impacts of the law on minority students and schools.
While not writing on the law per se, implicit in this blog is
the impact of law on the lives of women as well as a model of discussion and activism around social conscience and justice.
The CBA's Equal Justice report laments the scarcity of data on
the impacts of law on the public, and lauds the CFCJ effots to collect this data.
It recognized that public interest litigants are crucial to realizing the Charter's democratic potential because they can address the systemic
impacts of the law on the most vulnerable people in a way that isn't possible in individual litigation.
The title of this post, «Not One Cookie Cutter Citizen», is also taken from Justice Martin's remarks during the hearing, when she was making a point about the importance of thinking about the differential
impact of the law on people with different identities and needs.
Dr Weait has been actively involved in providing legal research support to the HIV voluntary sector for the last decade, and is the facilitator of the UK Law and HIV / AIDS Project: an initiative intended to provide information and resources for those interested in
the impact of law on people living with HIV.
A review of ABlawg posts on decisions written by Justice Martin during her tenure as a judge in Alberta reveals her concern for
the impact of the law on individuals and the public.
Clients are often unhappy when they learn of
the impact of the law on their rights and entitlements from a family lawyer.
Sometimes it's easier to write about what interests you, but keep in mind that time - starved clients want to understand
the impact of the law on the business more so than anything else.
The Committee is concerned by reports of the disparate
impact of this law on indigenous groups, and reminds the State party that the Convention prohibits direct as well as indirect discrimination.
Although much chatter has been expended, analyzing the negative
impact of the law on numerous populations, the 2019 «to - be divorced» population has been virtually overlooked.
In 2005 the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination reiterated its concerns about the provisions for mandatory sentencing in the Criminal Code of Western Australia and the disproportionate
impact of this law on Indigenous groups.
Now, the Commonwealth has expressed its concern about
the impact of these laws on young people in particular, and in relation to the impact on indigenous peoples.
Not exact matches
Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in such forward - looking statements and that should be considered in evaluating our outlook include, but are not limited to, the following: 1) our ability to continue to grow our business and execute our growth strategy, including the timing, execution, and profitability
of new and maturing programs; 2) our ability to perform our obligations under our new and maturing commercial, business aircraft, and military development programs, and the related recurring production; 3) our ability to accurately estimate and manage performance, cost, and revenue under our contracts, including our ability to achieve certain cost reductions with respect to the B787 program; 4) margin pressures and the potential for additional forward losses
on new and maturing programs; 5) our ability to accommodate, and the cost
of accommodating, announced increases in the build rates
of certain aircraft; 6) the effect
on aircraft demand and build rates
of changing customer preferences for business aircraft, including the effect
of global economic conditions
on the business aircraft market and expanding conflicts or political unrest in the Middle East or Asia; 7) customer cancellations or deferrals as a result
of global economic uncertainty or otherwise; 8) the effect
of economic conditions in the industries and markets in which we operate in the U.S. and globally and any changes therein, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; 9) the success and timely execution
of key milestones such as the receipt
of necessary regulatory approvals, including our ability to obtain in a timely fashion any required regulatory or other third party approvals for the consummation
of our announced acquisition
of Asco, and customer adherence to their announced schedules; 10) our ability to successfully negotiate, or re-negotiate, future pricing under our supply agreements with Boeing and our other customers; 11) our ability to enter into profitable supply arrangements with additional customers; 12) the ability
of all parties to satisfy their performance requirements under existing supply contracts with our two major customers, Boeing and Airbus, and other customers, and the risk
of nonpayment by such customers; 13) any adverse
impact on Boeing's and Airbus» production
of aircraft resulting from cancellations, deferrals, or reduced orders by their customers or from labor disputes, domestic or international hostilities, or acts
of terrorism; 14) any adverse
impact on the demand for air travel or our operations from the outbreak
of diseases or epidemic or pandemic outbreaks; 15) our ability to avoid or recover from cyber-based or other security attacks, information technology failures, or other disruptions; 16) returns
on pension plan assets and the
impact of future discount rate changes
on pension obligations; 17) our ability to borrow additional funds or refinance debt, including our ability to obtain the debt to finance the purchase price for our announced acquisition
of Asco
on favorable terms or at all; 18) competition from commercial aerospace original equipment manufacturers and other aerostructures suppliers; 19) the effect
of governmental
laws, such as U.S. export control
laws and U.S. and foreign anti-bribery
laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the United Kingdom Bribery Act, and environmental
laws and agency regulations, both in the U.S. and abroad; 20) the effect
of changes in tax
law, such as the effect
of The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the «TCJA») that was enacted
on December 22, 2017, and changes to the interpretations
of or guidance related thereto, and the Company's ability to accurately calculate and estimate the effect
of such changes; 21) any reduction in our credit ratings; 22) our dependence
on our suppliers, as well as the cost and availability
of raw materials and purchased components; 23) our ability to recruit and retain a critical mass
of highly - skilled employees and our relationships with the unions representing many
of our employees; 24) spending by the U.S. and other governments
on defense; 25) the possibility that our cash flows and our credit facility may not be adequate for our additional capital needs or for payment
of interest
on, and principal
of, our indebtedness; 26) our exposure under our revolving credit facility to higher interest payments should interest rates increase substantially; 27) the effectiveness
of any interest rate hedging programs; 28) the effectiveness
of our internal control over financial reporting; 29) the outcome or
impact of ongoing or future litigation, claims, and regulatory actions; 30) exposure to potential product liability and warranty claims; 31) our ability to effectively assess, manage and integrate acquisitions that we pursue, including our ability to successfully integrate the Asco business and generate synergies and other cost savings; 32) our ability to consummate our announced acquisition
of Asco in a timely matter while avoiding any unexpected costs, charges, expenses, adverse changes to business relationships and other business disruptions for ourselves and Asco as a result
of the acquisition; 33) our ability to continue selling certain receivables through our supplier financing program; 34) the risks
of doing business internationally, including fluctuations in foreign current exchange rates, impositions
of tariffs or embargoes, compliance with foreign
laws, and domestic and foreign government policies; and 35) our ability to complete the proposed accelerated stock repurchase plan, among other things.
She particularly focused
on drug
laws impacts on people
of color, who have for decades been convicted under aggressive drug
laws at disproportionately high rates relative to whites.
While proponents downplay the
impact of their respective
laws, economic experts say they are likely to inflict far - ranging damage in those states, not only
on LGBT customers and residents, but also
on companies that operate there or are considering doing so.
MACARTHUR: We've done some modeling
of the new tax
laws and their
impact on deals in the U.S, and we found that it's absolutely going to be a positive.
The loss
of that clause, which liberals had seen as a crowning achievement
of the Civil Rights movement, makes it easier for states to adopt voting
laws that can have an adverse
impact on minority voters.
«We investigate whether emotional shocks, experienced by a highly - educated group
of individuals, have any
impact on these individuals» professional behavior which, by
law, should be free
of personal feelings and biases,» says the report.
Such risks, uncertainties and other factors include, without limitation: (1) the effect
of economic conditions in the industries and markets in which United Technologies and Rockwell Collins operate in the U.S. and globally and any changes therein, including financial market conditions, fluctuations in commodity prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, levels
of end market demand in construction and in both the commercial and defense segments
of the aerospace industry, levels
of air travel, financial condition
of commercial airlines, the
impact of weather conditions and natural disasters and the financial condition
of our customers and suppliers; (2) challenges in the development, production, delivery, support, performance and realization
of the anticipated benefits
of advanced technologies and new products and services; (3) the scope, nature,
impact or timing
of acquisition and divestiture or restructuring activity, including the pending acquisition
of Rockwell Collins, including among other things integration
of acquired businesses into United Technologies» existing businesses and realization
of synergies and opportunities for growth and innovation; (4) future timing and levels
of indebtedness, including indebtedness expected to be incurred by United Technologies in connection with the pending Rockwell Collins acquisition, and capital spending and research and development spending, including in connection with the pending Rockwell Collins acquisition; (5) future availability
of credit and factors that may affect such availability, including credit market conditions and our capital structure; (6) the timing and scope
of future repurchases
of United Technologies» common stock, which may be suspended at any time due to various factors, including market conditions and the level
of other investing activities and uses
of cash, including in connection with the proposed acquisition
of Rockwell; (7) delays and disruption in delivery
of materials and services from suppliers; (8) company and customer - directed cost reduction efforts and restructuring costs and savings and other consequences thereof; (9) new business and investment opportunities; (10) our ability to realize the intended benefits
of organizational changes; (11) the anticipated benefits
of diversification and balance
of operations across product lines, regions and industries; (12) the outcome
of legal proceedings, investigations and other contingencies; (13) pension plan assumptions and future contributions; (14) the
impact of the negotiation
of collective bargaining agreements and labor disputes; (15) the effect
of changes in political conditions in the U.S. and other countries in which United Technologies and Rockwell Collins operate, including the effect
of changes in U.S. trade policies or the U.K.'s pending withdrawal from the EU,
on general market conditions, global trade policies and currency exchange rates in the near term and beyond; (16) the effect
of changes in tax (including U.S. tax reform enacted
on December 22, 2017, which is commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
of 2017), environmental, regulatory (including among other things import / export) and other
laws and regulations in the U.S. and other countries in which United Technologies and Rockwell Collins operate; (17) the ability
of United Technologies and Rockwell Collins to receive the required regulatory approvals (and the risk that such approvals may result in the imposition
of conditions that could adversely affect the combined company or the expected benefits
of the merger) and to satisfy the other conditions to the closing
of the pending acquisition
on a timely basis or at all; (18) the occurrence
of events that may give rise to a right
of one or both
of United Technologies or Rockwell Collins to terminate the merger agreement, including in circumstances that might require Rockwell Collins to pay a termination fee
of $ 695 million to United Technologies or $ 50 million
of expense reimbursement; (19) negative effects
of the announcement or the completion
of the merger
on the market price
of United Technologies» and / or Rockwell Collins» common stock and / or
on their respective financial performance; (20) risks related to Rockwell Collins and United Technologies being restricted in their operation
of their businesses while the merger agreement is in effect; (21) risks relating to the value
of the United Technologies» shares to be issued in connection with the pending Rockwell acquisition, significant merger costs and / or unknown liabilities; (22) risks associated with third party contracts containing consent and / or other provisions that may be triggered by the Rockwell merger agreement; (23) risks associated with merger - related litigation or appraisal proceedings; and (24) the ability
of United Technologies and Rockwell Collins, or the combined company, to retain and hire key personnel.
The response offers a small glimpse
of the negative
impact such
laws, known as Religious Freedom Restoration Act, or RFRA, legislation, can have
on state economies.
As evidence
of the economic
impact RFRA
laws can have
on local economies, ratings and reviews site Angie's List, founded by Bill Osterle and Angie Hicks in 1995, announced over the weekend that it was halting a $ 40 million expansion
of its Indianapolis headquarters, expected to bring with it an additional 1,300 jobs, while it examines the implications
of the
law.
Unrestricted access to American technology; relaxation, if not removal,
of controls
on sensitive high tech U.S. exports; unrestricted ability to make acquisitions
of U.S. companies; substantial changes in trade remedy
laws to lessen their
impact.
Sessions famously — or infamously, depending
on your point
of view — said that «good people don't smoke marijuana» during a hearing
on the
impact of state marijuana legalization
laws.
Specifically, the Sessions memorandum directs U.S. Attorneys to «weigh all relevant considerations, including federal
law enforcement priorities set by the Attorney General, the seriousness
of the crime, the deterrent effect
of criminal prosecution, and the cumulative
impact of particular crimes
on the community.»
Laws of a particular state or laws that may be applicable to a particular situation may have an impact on the applicability, accuracy, or completeness of such informat
Laws of a particular state or
laws that may be applicable to a particular situation may have an impact on the applicability, accuracy, or completeness of such informat
laws that may be applicable to a particular situation may have an
impact on the applicability, accuracy, or completeness
of such information.
The judge said in a 91 - page decision that, while the Army Corps substantially complied with the National Environmental Policy Act, federal permits issued for the pipeline violated the
law in some respects, saying in a court order the Corps did not «adequately consider the
impacts of an oil spill
on fishing rights, hunting rights, or environmental justice.»
Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: our ability to achieve our financial, strategic and operational plans or initiatives; our ability to predict and manage medical costs and price effectively and develop and maintain good relationships with physicians, hospitals and other health care providers; the
impact of modifications to our operations and processes; our ability to identify potential strategic acquisitions or transactions and realize the expected benefits
of such transactions, including with respect to the Merger; the substantial level
of government regulation over our business and the potential effects
of new
laws or regulations or changes in existing
laws or regulations; the outcome
of litigation, regulatory audits, investigations, actions and / or guaranty fund assessments; uncertainties surrounding participation in government - sponsored programs such as Medicare; the effectiveness and security
of our information technology and other business systems; unfavorable industry, economic or political conditions, including foreign currency movements; acts
of war, terrorism, natural disasters or pandemics; our ability to obtain shareholder or regulatory approvals required for the Merger or the requirement to accept conditions that could reduce the anticipated benefits
of the Merger as a condition to obtaining regulatory approvals; a longer time than anticipated to consummate the proposed Merger; problems regarding the successful integration
of the businesses
of Express Scripts and Cigna; unexpected costs regarding the proposed Merger; diversion
of management's attention from ongoing business operations and opportunities during the pendency
of the Merger; potential litigation associated with the proposed Merger; the ability to retain key personnel; the availability
of financing, including relating to the proposed Merger; effects
on the businesses as a result
of uncertainty surrounding the proposed Merger; as well as more specific risks and uncertainties discussed in our most recent report
on Form 10 - K and subsequent reports
on Forms 10 - Q and 8 - K available
on the Investor Relations section
of www.cigna.com as well as
on Express Scripts» most recent report
on Form 10 - K and subsequent reports
on Forms 10 - Q and 8 - K available
on the Investor Relations section
of www.express-scripts.com.
An analysis by University
of Chicago
Law School economists David S. Evans, Howard Chang, and Steven Joyce entitled «The
Impact of the U.S. Debit Card Interchange Fee Regulation
on Consumer Welfare: An Event Study Analysis» quantifies just how much consumers are expected to lose, rather than gain, from The Durbin amendment.
«This year's Advanced PFP Conference will cover the
impact that changes to tax
law are having
on retirement planning, investment decisions, insurance / risk management solutions and estate plans,» said Andrea Millar, CPA / PFS, AICPA director
of personal financial planning.
Laws of a particular state or laws which may be applicable to a particular situation may have an impact on the applicability, accuracy, or completeness of such informat
Laws of a particular state or
laws which may be applicable to a particular situation may have an impact on the applicability, accuracy, or completeness of such informat
laws which may be applicable to a particular situation may have an
impact on the applicability, accuracy, or completeness
of such information.
In a carefully researched article (Yale Journal
of Regulation, Summer 2001), Yale
Law School professor Roberta Romano summarized studies
on the economic
impact of splitting the chair and CEO roles in U.S. companies (where combined CEO / chairs are the norm), finding that there is no statistically significant difference, in terms
of stock price or accounting income, between companies that split the roles and those that don't.
On the salient legal advice point, the memo concludes that US laws prohibiting foreign nationals managing campaigns — «including making direct or indirect decisions regarding the expenditure of campaign dollars» — will have «a significant impact on how Cambridge hires staff and operates in the short term»
On the salient legal advice point, the memo concludes that US
laws prohibiting foreign nationals managing campaigns — «including making direct or indirect decisions regarding the expenditure
of campaign dollars» — will have «a significant
impact on how Cambridge hires staff and operates in the short term»
on how Cambridge hires staff and operates in the short term».
[This article explores the
impacts of the new tax reform
law on individual taxpayers.
Studies
of the economic
impact of existing
laws sponsored by groups across the ideological spectrum have found that while the costs to employers
of paid sick leave mandates tend to be low
on average, they tend to be more significant in certain industries, like food services, where paid sick leave is less common and workers typically are younger.
Although Republican supporters
of the tax
law argued that the influx
of international profits would create jobs and increase wages, many economists disagreed that a one - time repatriation would have any substantial
impact on real investment.
Important factors that may affect the Company's business and operations and that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward - looking statements include, but are not limited to, increased competition; the Company's ability to maintain, extend and expand its reputation and brand image; the Company's ability to differentiate its products from other brands; the consolidation
of retail customers; the Company's ability to predict, identify and interpret changes in consumer preferences and demand; the Company's ability to drive revenue growth in its key product categories, increase its market share, or add products; an impairment
of the carrying value
of goodwill or other indefinite - lived intangible assets; volatility in commodity, energy and other input costs; changes in the Company's management team or other key personnel; the Company's inability to realize the anticipated benefits from the Company's cost savings initiatives; changes in relationships with significant customers and suppliers; execution
of the Company's international expansion strategy; changes in
laws and regulations; legal claims or other regulatory enforcement actions; product recalls or product liability claims; unanticipated business disruptions; failure to successfully integrate the Company; the Company's ability to complete or realize the benefits from potential and completed acquisitions, alliances, divestitures or joint ventures; economic and political conditions in the nations in which the Company operates; the volatility
of capital markets; increased pension, labor and people - related expenses; volatility in the market value
of all or a portion
of the derivatives that the Company uses; exchange rate fluctuations; disruptions in information technology networks and systems; the Company's inability to protect intellectual property rights;
impacts of natural events in the locations in which the Company or its customers, suppliers or regulators operate; the Company's indebtedness and ability to pay such indebtedness; the Company's dividend payments
on its Series A Preferred Stock; tax
law changes or interpretations; pricing actions; and other factors.
(The American Illness: Essays
on the Rule
of Law) It focuses
on the
impact the corporate governance regulation has had
on the global competitive position
of U.S. capital markets.
«While tight supply is expected to keep home prices
on an upward trajectory in most metro areas in 2018, both the uptick in mortgage rates and the
impact of the new tax
law on some high - cost markets could cause price growth to moderate nationally,» said Yun.
While most pundits focus
on the technologies
of NSG - tracked companies, knowledge
of this new
law and its
impact on potential 3rd Screen events is critical.
Several key provisions
of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which became
law in December 2017, are expected to have a direct
impact on the municipal bond market.
But history tells us that changes in political regimes have relatively modest
impacts on the real economy, which obeys only the
laws of supply and demand.
We take these protections for granted, but it's important to be aware
of the potential
impact laws like these might have
on our ability to do business and speak up in support
of the protections that keep our online presence open and free.
It disclosed a whistleblowing mechanism for reporting violations to privacy - related issues (G3), and published information about the
impact of Russian
law on user privacy (G4).
«Each period, whether a day, a month, a year or longer, represents an infinite number
of possible learning opportunities, revealing more and more about correlations, hedging,
law, regulation, culture, sizing positions, trading versus holding, activism, bankruptcy
law and practice, government action and political
impacts on investing, organizational realities and growth, as well as the kind
of personal characteristics that are required to do this job well.»
Thank you, there are other, better last words, although West Coast Environmental
Law made a start, and Earl's comment is interesting:» B.C. can hit the «STOP» button
on Kinder Morgan, uphold its obligations to Indigenous peoples, and based
on a complete assessment
of the project's
impacts — reach the only realistic conclusion before it's too late.»
Managers also will analyze the
impact of the new
law on various taxable and municipal securities.
Alternatively, if the issuer wants the coin or token to have an investment purpose: a. Can the issuer rely
on an exemption or combination
of exemptions in the target jurisdictions to limit the
impact of the securities
laws / requirements (e.g. through structuring the ICO as a private placement)?