«An acute stress hormone response is likely to enhance
adaptive immunity and wound healing, whereas the sluggish and prolonged elevation» of stress hormones «is likely to
impair immune
function.»
The
impaired functioning and heightened vulnerability of southwestern forests to large - scale disturbances increases the urgency to improve ecosystem
functioning, and to measure the effectiveness and trade - offs associated with these management activities using robust
adaptive management and monitoring protocols.
One final example is the prefrontal cortex, which is thought to play an important role in regulating behavior by suppressing impulses and emotions arising from the amygdala and other parts of the limbic system.50 — 52 In animal studies, exposure to chronic stress or glucocorticoids alters the synaptic connectivity within the prefrontal cortex, 52,53 and this may limit the ability of the prefrontal cortex to (1) suppress the impulsivity and aggression of the limbic system, and (2) execute
adaptive responses (rather than maladaptive responses) to stress.54 — 56 Stress - induced changes in brain structure parallel the well - described impact of significant childhood adversity on a variety of brain
functions, including the modulation of physiologic responses (hyper - responsive or chronically active stress response), learning (
impaired memory), and the regulation of behavior (the ability to execute
adaptive vs maladaptive responses to stress).3, 39,57