One final example is the prefrontal cortex, which is thought to play an important role in regulating behavior by suppressing impulses and
emotions arising from the amygdala and other parts of the limbic system.50 — 52 In animal studies, exposure to chronic stress or glucocorticoids alters the synaptic connectivity within the prefrontal cortex, 52,53 and this may limit the
ability of the prefrontal cortex to (1) suppress the impulsivity and aggression of the limbic system, and (2) execute adaptive responses (rather than maladaptive responses) to stress.54 — 56 Stress - induced changes in brain structure parallel the well - described impact of significant childhood adversity on a variety of brain functions, including the modulation of physiologic responses (hyper - responsive or chronically active stress response), learning (
impaired memory), and the
regulation of behavior (the
ability to execute adaptive vs maladaptive responses to stress).3, 39,57
For children with highly inhibited temperamental styles, behavioral inhibition at ages 2 — 3 predicts more compromised
emotion regulation abilities at age 5, which subsequently predicts more
impaired social skills at age 7 [91].