Although the existing research suggests diverse outcomes, scholars have documented that young
children exposed to trauma (
for example, maltreatment and other forms of violence) are more likely than
children who have not been exposed to trauma to
experience physiologic changes at the neurotransmitter and hormonal levels (and perhaps even at the level of brain structure) that render them susceptible to heightened arousal and an incapacity to adapt emotions to an appropriate level.21 This emotional state increases their sensitivity to subsequent
experiences of trauma and
impairs their capacity to focus, remember,
learn, and engage in self - control.22