The strength of the association between early breastfeeding experience and postpartum depression was similar in magnitude when comparing the complete case with the multiple
imputation analyses.
Not exact matches
We also used multiple
imputation to evaluate the sensitivity of the estimates obtained from the complete case
analysis.
A new GWAS and meta -
analysis with 1000Genomes
imputation identifies novel risk variants for colorectal cancer.
Survival
analysis, Data
imputation, Mixed models, GEEs, Propensity score matching, Sample size calculations, occasional genetic
analysis
The consistency of primary
analyses with those based on multiple
imputation suggests that results are robust to data that are missing at random, although of course we were unable to evaluate bias associated with unobserved variables.
To test whether results were still significant under the assumption that data were missing at random, we conducted multiple
imputation and ran our primary
analyses across 10 imputed data sets, 37 adjusting for additional variance across
imputations.
Finally,
analyses were conducted and compared using both the imputed data set, and a subset of data containing only participants with complete data, and indicated no bias resulting from
imputation.
Missing data: The frequency and patterns of missing data will be examined and sensitivity
analyses will be performed to compare the results of
analyses restricted to families with complete data and
analyses where those with missing data are considered using multiple
imputation.64, 65
A sensitivity
analysis using multiple
imputation to replace missing values yielded essentially the same results as the main
analysis
There were no differences in either anthropometric measures at age 6 years or socioeconomic variables between children with BMI data at age 4 years and those without it, and
analyses including all children produced findings consistent with those obtained using multiple
imputation.
For sensitivity
analysis, we performed multiple
imputation using predictive mean matching70 and results are reported for the primary outcomes and SF - 12.
STATA version 13 was used to carry out the multiple
imputation, Exploratory Factor
Analysis (EFA) and the k - means cluster a
Analysis (EFA) and the k - means cluster
analysisanalysis.
Missing data will in the first instance be managed with a «last observation carried forward» approach with additional sensitivity
analyses undertaken using multiple
imputation methods.
Then, we conducted sensitivity
analysis comparing the mean scale scores across age and gender among the complete cases, all of the available cases, and the imputed cases (coefficients and standard errors from 5 data sets were adjusted for the variability between
imputations according to Rubin's rule).
Similarly, the complete - case
analysis implies that drinking alcohol is negatively associated with internalizing problems; after
imputation, that relation is insignificant and there is evidence of a significant positive association between smoking and internalizing problems.
An important consideration in implementing MICE procedures is that the model used to create the
imputations should be more general than the
analysis model in terms of including all interactions that will be examined in the
analyses (1, 8).
In contrast, if the variables are assumed to be independent (i.e., gender is not used to impute internalizing symptoms), then the
analysis may find a lack of relation simply because the
imputations were generated by assuming there was none.
To avoid bias to parameter estimates when 32 % of the missing cases were excluded, we created 20 multiply imputed data sets in STATA using all variables included in the
analyses to inform the
imputations (Allison, 2002).
Single parent could not be used in our
imputation model for missing values, as it was too rare an event to impute, so it was dropped from our complete - case
analysis also for consistency.