«The science of accident reconstruction is grounded
in Newtonian physics, and is generally beyond reproach.
In Newtonian physics, given a given state of a system, the following states are deterministic, though they might be chaotic or not.
Such as when the Michelson / Morley experiment showed the failure of assumptions around absolute velocity
in Newtonian physics.
Hi Bart,
In the Newtonian framework, as the Earth moves round its annual orbit, it is both being pulled towards the Sun (plus any superior planets on the other side of it and all inferior planets) and being pulled away from the sun by the superior planets it passes beneath.
Should have said: This is the essence of how the overall local effect of gravitational forces acting on an object are reduced to the net effect of tidal forces
in the Newtonian mechanical view.
Really — the only thing that is not included
in the Newtonian Laws of Motion is relativistic effects — and that is entirely forgivable as — when ambling along the trail on my pony — relativity only really matters when we are being chased by cougars.
There was uncertainty
in Newtonian physics, and the theory of relativity came along to fill in some of those uncertainties.
This is a relativistic effect that has no counterpart
in Newtonian gravity, and it should produce a characteristic fluctuation in the strength of the gravitational waves.
In Newtonian gravity, matter directly attracts other matter.
(
In the Newtonian universe the past is separated from the future by an «infinitely thin» layer of instantaneous space which contains all events objectively simultaneous with Here - Now; in the universe of Einstein the separation is effected by the four - dimensional region of Elsewhere.)
It is enough only to point out that the inertness bequeathed to matter by dualism has become the basis upon which the quantification of physical reality and motion
in Newtonian and Cartesian physics has been constructed.
In the Newtonian view, which prevailed until the last century, nature was essentially static, with all things presumed to have been created in their present forms.
This is analogous to the notion of the immediate present state of the universe, according to the Newtonian cosmology; with the exception that whereas in the Whiteheadian cosmology there are multiple durations associated with an actual occasion one of which — the «presented» duration — may have special significance,
in the Newtonian cosmology there is one and only one immediate present state of the universe (PR 188 - 92; cf. 486 - 89).
Second, the extensive continuum, of which spatiotemporal extensiveness is a more specific determination, is a «real potential» factor of thc universe in the Whiteheadian cosmology as opposed to absolute space and absolute time continua as real and actual things comprising the universe
in the Newtonian cosmology (PR 113f; cf. 101 - 06).
There are important modifications in Whitehead's theory in his later, more metaphysical, writings; but these modifications only serve to emphasize that the development of such a theory remains a major task in his attempts at philosophical analysis (see especially chapters IV and VII in SMW and part IV in PR).1 In general, Whitehead constructs a theory that is reactionary in its analysis when compared with the theories of space - time structure in the special theory of relativity (STR) and in the general theory of relativity (GTR), 2 and that is in opposition to the theory of absolute space and absolute time
in the Newtonian cosmology (see PNK 1 - 8; and PB part II, chapters II, III, and IV).
First, the quanta of spatiotemporal extensiveness, or the «regions,» correlative to actual occasions and unique to each actual occasion in the Whiteheadian cosmology are to be identified with the absolute places of material objects at absolute instants of time
in the Newtonian cosmology (PR 113; cf. 108f).
In the Newtonian universe, once the initial conditions and the laws of force are given, everything is interpreted in terms of the mechanical movements of atoms and molecules and all is calculable for ever before and after.
It subsumed it within a broader perspective; one that called into question certain metaphysical assumptions inherent
in the Newtonian universe.
The fact that in the later phases of an actual occasion this scalar form overwhelms the original vector form, and the fact that the scalar quantity of inertia was dominant
in Newtonian physics, have led to a tendency to spatialize reality, to ignore the fact that all fundamental physical quantities are vector rather than scalar (PR 268, 319).
This means that time is not, as
in the Newtonian scheme, there prior to actual occurrences.
The same definition of simultaneity holds throughout the whole space of a consentient set
in the Newtonian group.
p. 115f For the role that contingency plays in the created order
in Newtonian empiricism, cf. L.JAEGER, «The idea of law in science and religion», Science and Christian Belief XX, 2008, p. 133 - 146.
Then their «co-operation» is imagined in terms of «motions» or «pre-motions,» like little bursts of electricity
in Newtonian physics, that enlighten the intellect and prepare or move the will to a decision.
In the Newtonian cosmology, disembodied souls seemed thoroughly excluded from the space - time continuum.
In fact,
in Newtonian physics we would expect that the image of a single substantial object would be identifiable not only by the continuity of its first three factors as an implicit function of the fourth, but also by the constancy of the fifth.
«Relativistic gravity in the solar system, II: Anisotropy
in the Newtonian gravitational constant.»
Whereas when Whitehead coined the phrase, «Fallacy of misplaced concreteness» (SMW 58), he was referring to the irreducible bits of matter present
in the Newtonian mechanistic theory of nature, when applied to social systems it acquires added significance.
Nietzsche, understandably, still orbits
in a Newtonian universe.
Independent existence is a myth, whether you ascribe it to God or to a particle of matter
in Newtonian physics, to persons, to nations, to things, or to meanings.
Such an understanding of time was implicit
in Newtonian physics.
The psychic present is, then, durational — it is not an instant of time
in the Newtonian sense discussed above.
And this was given up
in the Newtonian order, which was mechanical movement.
In Newtonian physics an infinitely extended space and time allow for infinite causal series.
Since
in Newtonian physics time and space were considered absolute objective schemas of reference, it was possible to measure speed in terms of so many miles per hour or feet per second.
Not exact matches
A
Newtonian Leader takes his or her function
in more of a black - and - white mechanistic approach.
In fact, most people in their day - to - day job would see themselves more as Newtonian Leaders than Quantum Leader
In fact, most people
in their day - to - day job would see themselves more as Newtonian Leaders than Quantum Leader
in their day - to - day job would see themselves more as
Newtonian Leaders than Quantum Leaders.
In the early 1990s the models that most economists used to analyze and explain Chinese economic growth were good enough, like the Newtonian bridge in the slow moving world in which humans operat
In the early 1990s the models that most economists used to analyze and explain Chinese economic growth were good enough, like the
Newtonian bridge
in the slow moving world in which humans operat
in the slow moving world
in which humans operat
in which humans operate.
These women were
in effect the
Newtonian apple that led to Freud's later hypotheses; for when he realized that his neurological examinations were getting nowhere, that, physiologically speaking, his patients were no different from non - hysterics, he was forced to posit a special set of life experiences that the healthy brains of those hysterical women had registered, but suppressed.
But what does this assertion of internal relatedness mean, particularly
in light of the fact that Whitehead tells us
in Adventures of Ideas (p. 157) that the traditional doctrine of «internal relations is distorted by reason of its description
in terms of language adapted to presuppositions of the
Newtonian type»?
On Einstein's awareness of
Newtonian problems with absolute time and space cf. his 1933 Spencer lecture «On the Method ofTheoretical Physics,» cited
in A. Pais, «Subtle is the Lord...»: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982), 133f; — , «Einstein, Newton, and Success,» Einstein: A Centenary Volume, ed.
Certainly the
Newtonian apprehension of nature was conditioned by history and culture, but it was also substantiated
in its partial truth by centuries of patient thought and experimentation.
On Einstein's awareness of
Newtonian problems with absolute time and space cf. his1933 Spencer lecture «On the Method of Theoretical Physics,» cited
in A. Pais, «Subtle is the Lord...»: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982), 133f; — , «Einstein, Newton, and Success,» Einstein: A Centenary Volume, ed.
At the very time that Roentgen and Becquerel were bringing to a close the
Newtonian era
in science, Henri Bergson and William James were introducing, into philosophy and psychology respectively, the notion of relations as being internal and experienceable; and this was to alter radically the terms of philosophy laid down by Descartes, Kant, and Hegel.
In the field of science the fundamental principles now applied are remote from the fundamental principles of the
Newtonian scheme.
(This is hardly surprising when one realizes that Whitehead's essay was written
in the same year that Einstein struck the first major blow against the classical
Newtonian - Euclidian world view with his paper on special relativity.)
But all of this would be largely beside the point, and anyway, I readily concede that the founders were a diverse lot, some of whom could combine Ciceronian republicanism, Lockean political theory, Hooker's laws, Hutchesonian moral theory,
Newtonian physics, and Baconian empiricism
in one subjectivity.
Whitehead, another mathematician - physicist - philosopher, had a similar view Thus our theological scheme is no longer as seriously at odds with science or the philosophy of science as it was
in the days of classical or
Newtonian physics.
In process thought the human body is spatially extended; but it is not composed of Cartesian /
Newtonian matter.
Historian Perry Miller,
in Errand into the Wilderness (Harvard University Press, 1956), argues that the belief
in impending world destruction has been paramount
in the Christian West, and that
Newtonian physics provoked a serious crisis by challenging that belief, Newton himself researched the Book of Revelation
in hopes of restoring that eschatology.
Whitehead noted that»...
in the present - day reconstruction of physics fragments of the
Newtonian concepts are stubbornly retained.