When CO2 lags GAST, as it does
in the Vostok record and still does in the modern era, assuming CO2 causes GAST is an error in causality.
In particular, you could start with my articles on how we know that the CO2 rise is anthropogenic and why the GHG / temperature record
in the Vostok ice cores does not imply that CO2 doesn't drive temperature.
According to the article, deglaciation Transition III
in the Vostok ice core started with the melting of Antarctic ice driven by some change in solar forcing, followed by an increase in global CO2, and then by the melting of Northern Hemisphere glaciers.
According to Ruddiman (not a direct link to the literature), it was actually the release of methane from rice paddies and other forms of agriculture starting about 5,000 years ago that prevented the same sort of fairly rapid decay in temperature seen
in the Vostok ice core record of previous interglacials.
The first is calculated as about 8 ppmv / °C
in the Vostok and Dome C ice cores.
One reason for this interest was that the interglacial immediately prior to the oldest interglacial
in the Vostok record is the interglacial most similar to ours.
At an average -40 °C
in the Vostok ice core, they just survive, where they use an alternative carbon source: CO2 to repair any DNA damages.
Well, Chevron's counsel was unable to point out that temperature changes lead CO2 changes
in the Vostok records, and that the movie was totally false on this point as found by an English judge.
There is
in the Vostok core.
Finally, this is all somewhat sensitive to the assumption that I made early on, which is that the global temperature variation is about half of the variation shown
in the Vostok data.
The highest recorded value
in the Vostok ice core is 298.7 ppmv which was for YBP 323,485.
My comment did not relate to the ice cores but to CO2 measurements of the atmosphere
in the Vostok region similar to the atmospheric measurements taken at Mauna Loa.
Interestingly, the CO 2 levels
in the Vostok Station record got as low as 180 parts per million (ppm) in the cold periods and reached 280 in the warm periods, but never higher.
As it happens, the relationship between CO2 and temperature
in the Vostok record is well - represented by Henry's Law, using the identical data.
For instance the Vostok ice - core data over 415,000 years has an average measurement - spacing of 756 years, meaning that the likelihood of measuring an increase in atmospheric CO2 as the one measured at Mauna Loa over the last 50 years, if one existed
in the Vostok ice - core samples, amounts to 6.6 % (i.e. 50/756).
On the other end of the spectrum, the coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth was
in Vostok, Antarctica at -89.2 C.
Further, there is firm evidence that migration of CO2 isn't important
in the Vostok and Dome C ice cores over the past 800,000 years: each glacial / interglacial period shows the same ratio between temperature and CO2 changes: about 8 ppmv/degr.C.
The current global warming signal is therefore the slowest and among the smallest in comparison with all HRWEs
in the Vostok record, although the current warming signal could in the coming decades yet reach the level of past HRWEs for some parameters.
Carbon dioxide measurements on Dome C ice, focusing on the interval 390 to 650 kyr before present, bp (2,700 — 3,060 m) 4, confirmed the strong coupling between CO2 and Antarctic temperature found1
in the Vostok ice core for the past 420 kyr.
Ritz, C., Rommeleare, V. & Dumas, C. Modeling the evolution of Antarctic ice sheet over the last 420,000 years: implications for altitude changes
in the Vostok region.
He brings up quite a bit of the «CO2 lags temperature
in the Vostok ice core» stuff which has been thorouhgly refuted (at least in the context that this is contradictory to AGW).
You start your conquest
in Vostok Inc with little funds and even less weaponry, within minutes war on your company has been declared and it's crafty combat skills and money management which will see you at the top of the financial food chain.
In Vostok Inc, the concept is to make as much money as possible in a greed driven twin - stick shooter without a conscience.
In Vostok Inc., you play as a corrupt, narcissistic yuppie, hell - bent on raking in as much money as possible in a greed - driven, twin - stick shooter without a conscience.
And that is where both the good and the bad
in Vostok hit home.
Amplitude and Duration: Davis identified 650 individual cycles of Temperature - proxy Oscillation (TO - c350) cycles
in the Vostok data over the past 220,000 years.
Further, in more recent times, there is a very close CO2 - temperature relationship
in the Vostok (and other) ice cores.
And other labs working with Vostok ice haven't found any evidence of thermophiles, says microbial ecologist John Priscu, whose group published the first papers on bacteria
in Vostok ice.
But there was an even more tantalizing treasure
in Vostok.
In the Vostok core sample, they found a DNA sequence related to a bacterium that thrives in hot springs, like those in Yellowstone Park.
Not exact matches
Their analysis, recently published
in Geology, reveals a subglacial lake covering as much as 1,250 square kilometers (making it the second - largest subglacial lake
in Antarctica by length after Lake
Vostok) and a series of canyons that extend a kilometer deep and 1,100 kilometers across.
VOSTOK Station
in Antarctica currently holds the crown for the coldest place on the planet.
Although a British team was unsuccessful
in its quest to penetrate Lake Ellsworth, a group of Russian scientists successfully retrieved samples from Lake
Vostok, thousands of kilometers away on the Eastern Antarctic Ice Sheet.
One popular choice is Lake
Vostok in the heart of Antarctica, within which organisms may live beneath 4 kilometers of ice (ScienceNOW, 9 December 1999).
The water must freeze over the Antarctic winter before researchers can lay hands on it, to see what organisms might be living
in Lake
Vostok.
«There are a lot of rumors going around about penetrating the lake, and we need the Russian program to make the official announcement,» said John Priscu, a University of Montana microbiologist and veteran Antarctic researcher who has been involved
in Lake
Vostok investigations for years
In 2012, the Russian Antarctic Expedition completed drilling through nearly 4 kilometers of ice to reach the surface of subglacial Lake
Vostok.
If the Russians have indeed reached Lake
Vostok this week, it could be a close contest to see who will be first to test whether life can go on
in the cold darkness beneath Antarctica's ice.
The same news report went on to discuss an old theory that Nazis built a secret base at Lake
Vostok in the 1930s, and that German submarines brought Hitler and Eva Braun's remains to Antarctica for cloning purposes following the German surrender
in World War II.
Life forms
in Whillans and
Vostok could help researchers understand what kind of life might survive on other worlds.
No human has, but human technology —
in the form of a drill operated by Russian scientists — reached
Vostok in 2012.
A drill finally penetrated through the ice to
Vostok's waters
in February 2012, and samples were obtained from water that froze on the drill.
It is possible that what is happening at the
Vostok station today is the beginning of our next chapter
in the search for life
in the universe.
The Soviets chose the site for
Vostok Station because the ice there is thicker than anywhere else
in the world — 12,280 feet — and they needed thick ice.
In contrast, Sergey Bulat, a molecular biologist at Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute in Russia, and his French colleague Jean - Robert Petit, a glaciologist at the University of Grenoble (and lead author of the classic paper on the 420,000 - year Vostok climate record), detected only a few cells per milliliter; in some specimens they found none at al
In contrast, Sergey Bulat, a molecular biologist at Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute
in Russia, and his French colleague Jean - Robert Petit, a glaciologist at the University of Grenoble (and lead author of the classic paper on the 420,000 - year Vostok climate record), detected only a few cells per milliliter; in some specimens they found none at al
in Russia, and his French colleague Jean - Robert Petit, a glaciologist at the University of Grenoble (and lead author of the classic paper on the 420,000 - year
Vostok climate record), detected only a few cells per milliliter;
in some specimens they found none at al
in some specimens they found none at all.
John C. Priscu, a professor of land resources and environmental sciences at Montana State University who discovered microorganisms thriving
in permanently frozen surface lakes
in Antarctica at temperatures as low as — 10 degrees Fahrenheit, wants to study microbes
in Lake
Vostok to learn if they are viable or unique, or both.
In 1958, a Russian airplane navigator named Robinson was making his landing approach at the newly opened
Vostok research station when he noticed a large, flat, oval depression «with gentle shores» on the glacier surface.
In February, a Russian team penetrated Lake
Vostok — the largest and deepest Antarctic lake — completing a project that was launched more than 20 years ago (see Nature 482, 287; 2012).
Sure enough, Priscu found dead or dormant cells
in the dirty
Vostok ice — up to 600,000 per cubic inch.
The Lake
Vostok team found evidence that heat - loving bacteria may live
in the bedrock surrounding that lake.