Sentences with phrase «in aerosol amounts»

A multidisciplinary team led by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's Dr. Chuck Long found that, at least in the continental United States, changes in clouds and cloudiness have a greater influence on brightening than any decrease in aerosol amounts alone.

Not exact matches

The can is aerosol and has a decent amount of pressure, so be sure to move your hand while applying in light swipes.

The researchers do know that the presence of certain aerosols plays a large role in the formation of ice that leads to precipitation, but they also need to tease out the importance of that with other factors, like the amount of available water vapor and vertical storm winds.

Climate change is likely to influence rainfall patterns in the Sierra Nevada as well as the amount of dust that makes its way into the atmosphere, so the hope is that a better understanding of how aerosols affect precipitation will help water managers in the future.

Cloud - to - ground lightning (CG) flash data from the National Lightning Detection Network matched against satellite - mapped aerosol plumes imply that thunderstorms forming in smoke - contaminated air masses generated large amounts of lightning with positive polarity (+ CGs).

Experiments Prather and her team conducted in California's Sierra Nevada produced the first conclusive evidence that dust aerosols can change the amount of precipitation produced by clouds.

By using smaller grids — with spacing of just a few kilometers rather than several tens of kilometers as in conventional current models — they were able to show that they could more realistically model the amount of black carbon aerosols, mitigating the underestimation in more coarse - grained models.

Unfortunately, current simulation models, which combine global climate models with aerosol transport models, consistently underestimate the amount of these aerosols in the Arctic compared to actual measurements during the spring and winter seasons, making it difficult to accurately assess the impact of these substances on the climate.

In particular, human - induced aerosols like soot and combustion particulates actually work the opposite, reducing the amount of precipitation clouds can form.

During these two significant events, «the amount of radiation that reached the surface was less than that which would done if these aerosols had not been there,» Mª Ángeles Obregón, researcher in the Physics department of the University of Extremadura (UEx) and the University of Évora (Portugal) and lead author of this study, explains.

In the new work, published in Geophysical Research Letters late last month, researchers modified an established climate model to gauge the effects of varying aerosol amount and sizIn the new work, published in Geophysical Research Letters late last month, researchers modified an established climate model to gauge the effects of varying aerosol amount and sizin Geophysical Research Letters late last month, researchers modified an established climate model to gauge the effects of varying aerosol amount and size.

In relatively clean environments, clouds can only grow as large as the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere allows: They will be the limiting factor in cloud formatioIn relatively clean environments, clouds can only grow as large as the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere allows: They will be the limiting factor in cloud formatioin the atmosphere allows: They will be the limiting factor in cloud formatioin cloud formation.

Aerosols that high in the sky «can change the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface and affect rainfall through cloud formation,» she says.

Last year the team reported in the Journal of Geophysical Research that the amount of aerosols in ATAL had tripled since 1996, the earliest time when they appeared in satellite observations.

While a large amount of aerosols that exist in the Earth's atmosphere are naturally occurring — created by processes such as mechanical suspension by wind or sea spray — much is produced as a result of industrialization.

«Huge amounts of aerosols from Asia go as high as six miles up in the atmosphere and these have an unmistakable impact on cloud formations and weather.»

The observed amount of warming thus far has been less than this, because part of the excess energy is stored in the oceans (amounting to ~ 0.5 °C), and the remainder (~ 1.3 °C) has been masked by the cooling effect of anthropogenic aerosols.

Scientists had attributed much of the dimming and brightening to changes in the amounts of tiny particles, or aerosols, in the atmosphere.

The net effect of human - generated aerosols is more complicated and regionally variable — for example, in contrast to the local warming effect of the Asian Brown Cloud, global shipping produces large amounts of cooling reflective sulphate aerosols: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/08/990820022710.htm

Previous research (pdf) shows that aerosols influence cloud formation in the rainforest and, therefore, the amount of regional rainfall.

A team of scientists led by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory atmospheric researcher Dr. Susannah Burrows and collaborator Daniel McCoy, who studies clouds and climate at the University of Washington, reveal how tiny natural particles given off by marine organisms — airborne droplets and solid particles called aerosols — nearly double cloud droplet numbers in the summer, which boosts the amount of sunlight reflected back to space.

Researchers from the University of Miami (UM) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science and colleagues analyzed the dust concentrations in aerosol samples from two locations, French Guiana's capital city Cayenne and the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe, to understand the amount, source regions, and seasonal patterns of airborne dust that travels across the North Atlantic Ocean.

The can is aerosol and has a decent amount of pressure, so be sure to move your hand while applying in light swipes.

In this case, large amounts of sulphate aerosols (small particles) are injected into the stratosphere by large explosive eruptions (the most recent one being Mt. Pinatubo in 1991In this case, large amounts of sulphate aerosols (small particles) are injected into the stratosphere by large explosive eruptions (the most recent one being Mt. Pinatubo in 1991in 1991).

With a small amount of LW penetrating into the first three meters and a normal mid-ocean Wind and Wave complex most of the radiant energy is also returned to the atmosphere if not as direct heat then in the form of warm salt aerosols?

GHG continue to increase in amounts in the atmosphere and as such, over time more warming inevitably continues though there may be breaks for short periods, and some cooling, as already discussed at great length regarding aerosols.

There is a significant amount of aerosol formation taking place with no ionization («background levels»), and when the sample air in the experiment was replaced, this caused a large jump (seen as a shift along the vertical axis) in the formation rate (the different colours in the figure above).

Acccording to RC, the uncertainty in the amount of aerosol cooling makes the twentieth century warming (the blade) a rather dodgy way of estimating the clim.

Additionally there is a huge amount of uncertainty in aerosol - cloud effects (the «aerosol indirect effect»).

These uncertainties are reflected in the model simulations of aerosol concentrations which all show similar total amounts, but have very different partitions among the different types.

But models are not tuned to the trends in surface temperature, and as Gavin noted before (at least for the GISS model), the aerosol amounts are derived from simulations using emissions data and direct effects determined by changes in concentrations.

Ideas that we should increase aerosol emissions to counteract global warming have been described as a «Faustian bargain» because that would imply an ever increasing amount of emissions in order to match the accumulated GHG in the atmosphere, with ever increasing monetary and health costs.

Please explain the (difference between the) aerosol amounts / composition / effects (especially for ocean heat content) over the NH and SH in the 2001 GCMs vs. current GCMs for the calculations of the 1945 - 1975 period and the 1975 - 200x period.

While GHGs / aerosols may be the dominant factor in the average increase, they are emitted in rather continuous increasing amounts for GHGs and increasing + constant (after 1975) amounts for sulfate aerosols.

Since aerosols last much longer in the stratosphere than they do in the rainy troposphere, the amount of aerosol - forming substance that would need to be injected into the stratosphere annually is far less than what would be needed to give a similar cooling effect in the troposphere, though so far as the stratospheric aerosol burden goes, it would still be a bit like making the Earth a permanently volcanic planet (think of a Pinatubo or two a year, forever).

The second study meanwhile looked at how aerosol emissions impact the Earth's temperature through a phenomenon the researchers call «transient climate sensitivity,» or how much of the Earth's temperature will change when the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reaches twice its level during the pre-industrial times.

«We found that red - to - green ratios measured in the sunsets of paintings by great masters correlate well with the amount of volcanic aerosols in the atmosphere, regardless of the painters and of the school of painting,» Zerefos said.

The researchers examined the artists» use of red and green to capture sunsets on the horizon of each painting, looking for clues to the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere.

The aerosol hypothesis appears to fail as the aerosols are emitted in the Northern hemisphere where there is the most amount of warming.

If by observational data, you mean the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere, I think that would be a key piece of information that would need to be included in the models as without it the response to volcanic events can not be modeled or predicted.

There is the possibility that the relative importance of CO2 as a climate forcer increases as it transcends the other controllers of Earth's energy balance (some of which may be masked more in ice age studies — like uncertainties around the amount of ice age aerosol climate forcing, ice age thermohaline stability and as always insolation differences throughout the Pleistocene).

The latter is now known to have failed to include a significant amount of aerosols due, apparently, to coal burning in China.

The presence of volcanic ash, dust, and aerosols in the air increase the amount of solar radiation that is reflected back into space.

The remainder is made up with the other minor greenhouse gases, ozone and methane for instance, and a small amount from particles in the air (dust and other «aerosols»).

Then, since such aerosols are much easier to eliminate as combustion products than is CO2, they assume these aerosols go away in the future, allowing their models to produce enormous amounts of future warming.

There is little doubt in the NH, massive amount of aerosols were generated from 1940 to the 70's that were released into the atmosphere.

In climate change, the sun is the constant, and the amount of sulfur dioxide aerosols in the atmosphere is the control knobIn climate change, the sun is the constant, and the amount of sulfur dioxide aerosols in the atmosphere is the control knobin the atmosphere is the control knob..

The projected anomalous temperatures obtained by multiplying the climate sensitivity factor for the removal of sulfate aerosols -LRB-.02) times the net amount of reduction in SO2 aerosols between one year and another later year will give the anomalous temperature for the later year to within less than a tenth of a percent of actuality.

Now, the only way that a business recession could cause a temporary rise in average global temperatures is for the reduced industrial activity to result in a reduction in the amount of SO2 aerosol emissions into the troposphere.

This factor, when multiplied times the amount of reduction in tropospheric aerosol emissions, between 1975 and another later year will give the average global temperature for that year (per NASA's J - D land - ocean temperature index values) to within less than a tenth of a degree C. of actuality (when temporary natural variations due to El Nino's, La Nina's, and volcanic eruptions are accounted for).