Sentences with phrase «in aerosol concentrations»

It is not clear, however, to what extent changes in cloud droplet size are related to change in aerosol concentrations.

Similarly, the more protracted the state of reduced volcanic activity — > the larger and longer the reduction in aerosol concentrations — > the larger and more persistent the impact on temperatures.

That said, in a trivial and largely irrelevant way, your assertions about how much impact a reduction in aerosol concentrations can have have some truth to them.

Not exact matches

By analyzing satellite data and other measures, Daniel and his colleagues found that such aerosols have been on the rise in Earth's atmosphere in the past decade, nearly doubling in concentration.

After allowing for humidity and rainfall, they found that «aerosol optical thickness» — a measure of the concentration of atmospheric particles — decreased by only 10 to 15 per cent compared with the same periods in 2002 to 2007 (Geophysical Research Letters, in press).

The researchers say that either the increase in snow cover over Eurasia or the escalation in greenhouse gas concentration, volcanic aerosols and solar output are to blame.

Xiao used battery powered aerosol monitors to measure indoor concentrations of fine particulate matter, or particles 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller, which consists mainly of black carbon and organic carbon.

Earth System Threshold Measure Boundary Current Level Preindustrial Climate Change CO2 Concentration 350 ppm 387 ppm 280 ppm Biodiversity Loss Extinction Rate 10 pm > 100 pm * 0.1 - one pm Nitrogen Cycle N2 Tonnage 35 mmt ** 121 mmt 0 Phosphorous Cycle Level in Ocean 11 mmt 8.5 - 9.5 mmt — 1 mmt Ozone Layer O3 Concentration 276 DU # 283 DU 290 DU Ocean Acidification Aragonite ^ ^ Levels 2.75 2.90 3.44 Freshwater Usage Consumption 4,000 km3 ^ 2,600 km3 415 km3 Land Use Change Cropland Conversion 15 km3 11.7 km3 Low Aerosols Soot Concentration TBD TBD TBD Chemical Pollution TBD TBD TBD TBD * pm = per million ** mmt = millions of metric tons #DU = dobson unit ^ km3 = cubic kilometers ^ ^ Aragonite is a form of calcium carbonate.

Taking factors such as sea surface temperature, greenhouse gases and natural aerosol particles into consideration, the researchers determined that changes in the concentration of black carbon could be the primary driving force behind the observed alterations to the hydrological cycle in the region.

Non-polar glacial ice holds a wealth of information about past changes in climate, the environment and especially atmospheric composition, such as variations in temperature, atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and emissions of natural aerosols or human - made pollutants... The glaciers therefore hold the memory of former climates and help to predict future environmental changes.

Burning fossil fuels increases aerosol concentrations in the atmosphere.

When the wind slows down, the concentration of small particles of air pollution (aerosols) increase, which help increase haze and leads to solar dimming in the area.

The device would have measured ozone concentration, gases involved in ozone depletion, and aerosols such as those from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.

Even though open windows bring in more ozone from outside, the reduction in the indoor limonene concentration and SOA formation strength more than make up for it, as less secondary organic aerosol is formed inside.

By adjusting elements of the test, such as the air exchange rate, which is the number of times per hour indoor air is replaced by outdoor air, as well as the concentrations of terpene and ozone in the chamber, the group was able to ascertain how those variables each affected the formation of secondary organic aerosols.

The relative atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases as well as aerosol and particulate content coupled with other climate information gives insight into both the importance of these as drivers of temperature as well as how these drivers might couple in either a positive or negative feedback sense (Beckman and Mahoney, 1998).

In addition, our deficient understanding of aerosol forcing also hinders our ability to use the modern temperature record to constrain the «climate sensitivity» — the operative parameter in determining exactly how much warming will result from a given increase in CO2 concentratioIn addition, our deficient understanding of aerosol forcing also hinders our ability to use the modern temperature record to constrain the «climate sensitivity» — the operative parameter in determining exactly how much warming will result from a given increase in CO2 concentratioin determining exactly how much warming will result from a given increase in CO2 concentratioin CO2 concentration.

The results, said co-author and PNNL laboratory fellow Ruby Leung, «strongly suggest that increasing aerosol concentrations (particles, mainly soot and sulfur, that pollute the air) in the past has produced a fog - like haze that has reduced solar radiation (surface heat from sunshine), despite more frequent clear days that should lead to increased solar radiation.»

In particular she works with natural and anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols and their sources, concentrations and long term trends.

In specific, in the intratumoral groups the cisplatin concentration was high immediately after administration, while in the aerosol cisplatin groups the concentration was significantly loweIn specific, in the intratumoral groups the cisplatin concentration was high immediately after administration, while in the aerosol cisplatin groups the concentration was significantly lowein the intratumoral groups the cisplatin concentration was high immediately after administration, while in the aerosol cisplatin groups the concentration was significantly lowein the aerosol cisplatin groups the concentration was significantly lower.

Therefore, considering the large contribution of these particles to the aerosol mass concentration in the atmosphere and the importance of the INPs, we study the ability of these particles as INPs by immersion freezing mode.

Researchers from the University of Miami (UM) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science and colleagues analyzed the dust concentrations in aerosol samples from two locations, French Guiana's capital city Cayenne and the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe, to understand the amount, source regions, and seasonal patterns of airborne dust that travels across the North Atlantic Ocean.

These uncertainties are reflected in the model simulations of aerosol concentrations which all show similar total amounts, but have very different partitions among the different types.

But models are not tuned to the trends in surface temperature, and as Gavin noted before (at least for the GISS model), the aerosol amounts are derived from simulations using emissions data and direct effects determined by changes in concentrations.

It is my understanding that the uncertainties regarding climate sensitivity to a nominal 2XCO2 forcing is primarily a function of the uncertainties in (1) future atmospheric aerosol concentrations; both sulfate - type (cooling) and black carbon - type (warming), (2) feedbacks associated with aerosol effects on the properties of clouds (e.g. will cloud droplets become more reflective?)

Do you mean simulations isolating sulfate and nitrate aerosols or do you mean simulations isolating CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons), a relatively unimportant greenhouse gas - due to its relatively extremely low concentrations in the atmosphere?).

«In a scenario of zeroed CO2 and sulfate aerosol emissions, whether the warming induced by specified constant concentrations of non-CO2 greenhouse gases could slow the CO2 decline following zero emissions or even reverse this trend and cause CO2 to increase over time is assessed.

The impact is a function of the magnitude of the change in the concentration (i.e. deviation from the average) of aerosols.

Such factors include increased greenhouse gas concentrations associated with fossil fuel burning, sulphate aerosols produced as an industrial by - product, human - induced changes in land surface properties among other things.

Again, with arrows: lower volcanic activity — > lower aerosol concentrations — > more sunlight gets in — > more heat

Changes to aerosol concentrations can be reversed in a few weeks after an emission change.

Concentration at stabilization including GHGs and aerosols (2008 = 395 ppm) Peaking year of CO 2 emissions Change in CO 2 emissions in 2050 (percent of 2000 emissions) 2.0 -2.4350-400445-4902000-2015 − 85 to − 50 2.4 -2.8400-440490-5352000-2020 − 60 to − 30 2.8 -3.2440-485535-5902010-2030 − 30 to +5 3.2 -4.0485-570590-7102020-2060 +10 to +60 4.0 -4.9570-660710-8552050-2080 +25 to +85 4.9 -6.1660-790855-11302060-2090 +90 to +140 Data from: IPCC, 2007: Synthesis Report.

Annual and interannual variation in boreal forest aerosol particle number and volume concentration and their connection to particle formation Tellus 60B, 495 — 508.

In the very long term, a warming limit of 1.5 C requires total greenhouse - gas concentrations — plus the effects of aerosols — to be below a level of 400ppm CO2eq.

The combustion of fossil fuels has distributed soot, heavy metals and aerosols in mixtures and concentrations that had never existed before the commercial power stations, factories, railways and motor cars.

Explaining global surface aerosol number concentrations in terms of primary emissions and particle formation.

Second, if this is so (and it seems unreasonably large), why have we never observed this cooling effect in the regions with high concentrations of manmade aerosols.

In other words, there is some value that can be assigned to aerosol cooling that offsets high temperature sensitives to rising CO2 concentrations enough to mathematically spit out temperatures sortof kindof similar to those over the last decade.

I've forgotten the details) a weaker cooling signal in the Arctic, where aerosol concentrations were low, which is not well understood.

The aerosol emissions / concentrations graphs provide some support for the process, but there is no way that they account for the massive transition from rapid warming in the period 1910 — 1940 to cooling which occurs abruptly and equally in the northern and southern hemispheres between 1940 and 1947.

First, if significant aerosol concentrations only cover, say, 10 % of the globe, doesn't that mean that to get a 0.5 degree cooling effect for the whole Earth, there must be a 5 degree cooling effect in the affected area.

Additional observations and a newer version of the NCEP model that includes time - varying CO2 concentrations, solar variability, and volcanic aerosols are used in version 2.

In particular she works with natural and anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols and their sources, concentrations and long term trends.

These are the ones I use in CSALT: CO2 — Measure of concentration, no direct relation to temperature SOI — Measure of pressure difference, relation to temperature via e.g. gas law but is really a trade wind term Aerosols — Estimate of volcanic concentrations, no direct relation to temperature LOI — Measure of rotation speed, no direct relation to temperature TSI — Measure of EM power density, no direct relation to temperature

nevertheless, both states can coexist for a wide range of environmental conditions.5, 7 Aerosols, liquid or solid particles suspended in the atmosphere, serve as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and therefore affect the concentration of activated cloud droplets.8 Changes in droplet concentration affect key cloud properties such as the time it takes for the onset of significant collision and coalescence between droplets, a process critical for rain formation.»

Aerosols, liquid or solid particles suspended in the atmosphere, serve as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and therefore affect the concentration of activated cloud droplets.8 Changes in droplet concentration affect key cloud properties such as the time it takes for the onset of significant collision and coalescence between droplets, a process critical for rain formation.»

It is found that with a number concentration of aerosol particles of ∼ 102 — 103 cm − 3 (which corresponds to the aerosol density in the deposited layer of about 1 — 10 mg / m2 with the layer thickness along the ray path of about 100 m) the solar radiation attenuation with artificial aerosol layers accounts for 1 to 10 %.

via changes in cloud cover, ice cover, atmospheric aerosols concentrations and distributions) is incomplete and contains uncertainties on the order of the estimates of the forcing changes themselves. . .

However, I am not a «warmista» by any means — we do not know how to properly quantify the albedo of aerosols, including clouds, with their consequent negative feedback effects in any of the climate sensitivity models as yet — and all models in the ensemble used by the «warmistas» are indicating the sensitivities (to atmospheric CO2 increase) are too high, by factors ranging from 2 to 4: which could indicate that climate sensitivity to a doubling of current CO2 concentrations will be of the order of 1 degree C or less outside the equatorial regions (none or very little in the equatorial regions)- i.e. an outcome which will likely be beneficial to all of us.

«warming in the pipeline» usually assumes constant concentrations, not zero emissions (though if CO2 emissions were dropped to zero tomorrow, and all other emissions were held constant, I'd probably expect a little bit of warming before it turned over and started dropping) 2) Don't forget aerosols: they are following the Level 1 scenario from Wigley et al. 2009, and may actually dominate short - term temperature trends.